Fungal cell wall synthesis gene

ABSTRACT

A reporter system reflecting the transport process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall was constructed and compounds inhibiting this process were discovered. Further, genes conferring resistance to the above compounds were identified and methods of screening for compounds that inhibit the activity of the proteins encoded by these genes were developed. Therefore, through the novel compounds, the present invention showed that antifungal agents having a novel mechanism, i.e. inhibiting the process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, could be achieved.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application claiming priority to U.S.application Ser. No. 11/409,530, filed Apr. 21, 2006, which is adivisional application claiming priority to U.S. application Ser. No.10/332,240, filed May 14, 2003, now abandoned, which is a U.S. NationalPhase Application, filed under 35 U.S.C. §371 of Patent CooperationTreaty Application Number PCT/JP01/05899, filed Jul. 6, 2001, and claimspriority to Japanese Patent Application Number 2000-206968, filed Jul.7, 2000 and Japanese Patent Application Number 2000-316027, filed Oct.17, 2000. Each of the aforementioned applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to DNAs encoding proteins participating infungal cell wall synthesis, proteins encoded by the DNAs, methods forexamining whether or not a certain compound has an influence on thetransport process involved in the transport of GPI-anchored proteins tothe cell wall, and antifungal agents having an influence on thetransport process involved in the transport ofglycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins to the cell wall.

2. Background Art

In recent years, management of opportunistic infections are gainingimportance more than ever due to an increase in the number of elderlypeople and immunocompromised patients as a result of advancedchemotherapies, etc. Deep-seated mycosis due to Candida, Aspergillus,Cryptococcus, and such, account for a portion of such opportunisticinfections, and the proportion is increasing year after year. The factthat opportunistic infections by many avirulent bacteria occur one afteranother, shows that the problem of infectious diseases will not end aslong as there are underlying diseases that diminish the immune functionsof patients. Although new strategies for infectious diseases control,including the problem of resistant bacteria, will be one of the crucialissues in the soon-to-come aged society, extremely few effectivetherapeutic agents exist at present.

Up to now, therapeutic agents for fungal infections were developed basedmainly on the strategy of creating novel compounds by chemicallymodifying known structure. However, due to problems such as theemergence of resistant bacteria, the development of new drugs based onnew mechanisms is eagerly anticipated.

Considering such circumstances, the inventors focused on a novelapproach in the area of antifungal agents in which the variety oftherapeutic agents is still insufficient. Namely, the present inventorsconcentrated on influencing the onset, progress, and persistence ofinfections by preventing pathogens from showing pathogenicity. In orderto avoid the establishment and progress of infection, the inventorsthought that the most effective way would be to inhibit the adhesiononto the host, which is the first step in the establishment ofinfection, and the subsequent progression of colonization. In addition,a new unprecedented approach, namely, the inhibition of the expressionof adhesion factors themselves, was also carried out.

In order to inhibit the expression of adhesion factors, the presentinventors directed their attention to the hypothesis that cell wallglycoproteins such as adhesion factors are first GPI(Glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored to the cell membrane, and thentransported to the cell wall (FIG. 1). To date, 30 or more cell wallglycoproteins including adhesion ligands have been found to betransported via GPI-anchoring (referred to as GPI-anchored proteins).Hence, it was thought that if this transport step is inhibited, it maybe quite possible to inhibit the expression of adhesion factors andmajor cell wall-constituting proteins at the cell wall (Hamada K et al,Mol. Gen. Genet., 258: 53-59, 1998). GPI-anchored proteins have beenreported to be present in Candida, which is a pathogenic fungi (KapteynJ C et al, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 65:402-407, 1994).

The inventors initiated their research believing that novel antifungalagents that inhibit cell wall synthesis can be produced by inhibitingthe process that transports GPI-anchored proteins existing in the cellmembrane of a fungus to the cell wall.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosure of the Invention

An objective of this invention is to develop antifungal agents showingeffects against the onset, progress, and persistence of infections byinhibiting the expression of cell wall glycoproteins, inhibiting thecell wall assembly and also adhesion onto cells, and preventingpathogens from showing pathogenicity.

In order to screen for compounds that inhibit the process thattransports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, the present inventorsproduced a reporter system that uses a fusion protein comprising areporter enzyme and a transport signal existing in the C-terminus of oneof the GPI-anchored proteins, CWP2 (Van Der Vaat J M et al, J.Bacteriol., 177:3104-3110, 1995).

When a DNA comprising a secretion signal gene+reporter enzyme gene+CWP2C-terminus gene (present or absent) was constructed, and the fusionprotein was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (hereinafter, referredto as S. cerevisiae), it was demonstrated that activity of the reporterenzyme is detected in the cell wall when the CWP2 C-terminus is present,and in the culture supernatant when the CWP2 C-terminus is absent.Accordingly, it was predicted that if the process that transportsGPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall is inhibited by a test sample,the activity of the reporter enzyme in the cell wall will be diminished,or the activity of the reporter enzyme will be found in the culturesupernatant. Thus was initiated the screening for compounds that inhibitthe process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall usingthis reporter system.

From the screening using this reporter system, several compounds thatinhibit the process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cellwall were discovered. A representative example is the compound shown informula (Ia).

The compound shown in the aforementioned formula (Ia) (hereinafterabbreviated as “compound (Ia)”) inhibits the growth of S. cerevisiae andCandida albicans (hereinafter, referred to as C. albicans), and C.albicans cultured in the presence of the aforementioned compound (Ia)shows a weak ability to adhere onto cells. Thus, the aforementionedcompound (Ia) was confirmed to suit the initial objectives of theinvention, which was to find a compound that inhibits the adhesion offungi, due to suppressing the expression of the fungal adhesins, basedon the inhibition of transport system of GPI-anchored proteins to thecell wall. Furthermore, observations using a transmission electronmicroscope confirmed that C. albicans cultured in the presence of theaforementioned compound (Ia) has an abnormality in its cell wallsynthesis.

Using the aforementioned compound (Ia), the present inventors provedthat antifungal agents based on the mechanism that inhibits the processthat transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, could beachieved.

Furthermore, to specify the target protein on which the aforementionedcompound (Ia) acts, the present inventors searched for genes that conferresistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia).

A plasmid library of the S. cerevisiae gene was introduced into S.cerevisiae, and by overexpression, plasmids were collected that showedresistance to the above-mentioned compound (Ia). The resistant gene wasthen cloned, the nucleotide sequence was determined, and the gene wasnamed GWT1 (SEQ ID NO:1). In S. cerevisiae overexpressing the GWT1 geneproduct, the aforementioned reporter enzyme that has the C-terminus of aGPI-anchored protein was transported to the cell wall, even in thepresence of the aforementioned compound (Ia). Furthermore, observationsunder a transmission electron microscope confirmed that the cell wall isnormal even in the presence of the aforementioned compound (Ia).

Moreover, when point mutations were randomly introduced to the genomicDNA of S. cerevisiae, and mutant strains R1 and R5 showing specificresistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia) were isolated, pointmutations involving changes of the 405th codon of the GWT1 gene from GTCto ATC in the R1 mutant strain, and the 140th codon from GGG to AGG inthe R5 mutant strain were discovered. Since resistance to theaforementioned compound (Ia) was seen when these mutant GWT1 genes wereintroduced to a GWT1 gene-disrupted strain, resistance to this compoundwas found to be explainable by the GWT1 gene alone. Therefore, thissuggested that the aforementioned compound (Ia) directly acts on theGWT1 gene product to inhibit the function of the GWT1 protein.

By similar methods, the resistant genes of C. albicans (SEQ ID NOs: 3and 5) were cloned, the nucleotide sequences were determined, and thegenes were named CaGWT1.

Furthermore, a database homology search using GWT1, revealed a homologue(SEQ ID NO:27) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (hereinafter, referred to asS. pombe). Furthermore, PCR with primers based on the sequence of thehighly conserved region in the proteins encoded by the GWT1 genes of S.cerevisiae, S. pombe, and C. albicans, yielded homologues (SEQ ID NOs:39 and 41) of Aspergillus fumigatus (hereinafter, referred to as A.fumigatus). Furthermore, by performing PCR based on the sequencediscovered from a database homology search with GWT1, revealedhomologues (SEQ ID NOs: 54 and 58) of Cryptococcus neoformans(hereinafter, referred to as C. neoformans).

More specifically, this invention relates to the following.

1. A DNA that encodes a protein having an activity to confer resistanceto the compound shown in formula (Ia) on a fungus when the DNA isoverexpressed in the fungus, wherein the DNA is selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   (a) A DNA encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 28, 40, or 59;    -   (b) A DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3,        5, 27, 39, 41, 54, or 58;    -   (c) A DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA        comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 27,        39, 41, 54, or 58;    -   (d) A DNA encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 28, 40, or 59, wherein one or more amino        acids have been added, deleted, substituted, and/or inserted;    -   (e) A DNA that is amplified using SEQ ID NO: 29 and 31 or SEQ ID        NO: 29 and 30 as primers.

2. A DNA that encodes a protein having an activity to decrease theamount of a GPI-anchored protein in the cell wall of a fungus due to adefect in the function of the DNA, wherein the DNA is selected from thegroup consisting of:

-   -   (a) A DNA encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 28, 40, or 59;    -   (b) A DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3,        5, 27, 39, 41, 54, or 58;    -   (c) A DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA        comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 27,        39, 41, 54, or 58;    -   (d) A DNA encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 28, 40, or 59, wherein one or more amino        acids have been added, deleted, substituted, and/or inserted;        and    -   (e) A DNA that is amplified using SEQ ID NO: 29 and 31 or SEQ ID        NO: 29 and 30 as primers;    -   and wherein, “stringent conditions” refer to: for example,        hybridization in 4×SSC at 65° C., then washing in 0.1×SSC for 1        hour at 65° C.; or in a different method, “stringent conditions”        are 4×SSC at 42° C. in 50% formamide; or, hybridization in        PERFECTHYB™ (TOYOBO) solution for 2.5 hours at 65° C., then        washing in (i) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 5        minutes, (ii) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 15        minutes, and (iii) 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at 50° C. for 20        minutes;    -   a “defect in the DNA function” can occur, when the functional        gene product of the DNA is not expressed or when the expression        is diminished, for example by inserting a DNA that is irrelevant        to the coding region of the DNA, for example a selection marker,        using the homologous recombination technique;    -   and a decrease in the protein derived from the GPI-anchored        protein in the fungal cell wall is quantified by using any one        of the following methods alone or in combination:    -   (i) a reporter system reflecting the process that transports        GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, (ii) an enzyme linked        immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that quantifies a GPI-anchored        protein in the cell wall, (iii) measuring the activity of a        GPI-anchored protein, such as adhesion onto animal cells, or (4)        observing the flocculent, fibrous structure of the outermost        layer of the fungal cell by a transmission electron microscope.

3. A protein encoded by the DNA of 1 (paragraph [0022]) or 2 (paragraph[0023]).

4. A vector into which the DNA of 1 (paragraph [0022]) or 2 (paragraph[0023]) has been inserted.

5. A transformant harboring the DNA of 1 (paragraph [0022]) or 2(paragraph [0023]), or the vector of 4 (paragraph [0025]).

6. The transformant of 5 (paragraph [0026]) which is a fungus thatoverexpresses the protein of 3 (paragraph [0024]).

7. A fungus, wherein the function of the protein of 3 (paragraph [0024])is defective.

8. A method for producing the protein of 3 (paragraph [0024]), whichcomprises the steps of culturing the transformant of 5 (paragraph[0024]), and collecting the expressed protein from the transformant, orfrom the culture supernatant thereof.

9. An antibody that binds to the protein of 3 (paragraph [0024]).

10. A method of screening for a compound having an antifungal action,wherein the method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting a test sample with the protein of 3 (paragraph        [0024]);    -   (b) detecting the binding activity between the protein and the        test sample; and    -   (c) selecting a compound having an activity to bind to the        protein.

11. A method of screening for a compound that has an antifungal action,which comprises the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting a test sample with a fungus that is        overexpressing the protein of 3;    -   (b) detecting the amount of transport of a GPI-anchored protein        to the cell wall in the fungus; and    -   (c) selecting a compound that diminishes the amount of transport        of the GPI-anchored protein to the cell wall detected in        step (b) as compared to the amount of transport detected when        the test sample was contacted with a fungus that is not        overexpressing the protein of 3,    -   wherein, a decrease in the amount of GPI-anchored protein        transported to the cell wall that results due to the test sample        can be detected, for example, by detecting a decrease in growth        rate, swelling, or temperature sensitivity of the cell, or by        detecting a decrease of the protein derived from the        GPI-anchored protein in the cell wall, but preferably, by        detecting a decrease in the protein derived from the        GPI-anchored protein at the cell wall;    -   and wherein a decrease of the protein derived from the        GPI-anchored protein is quantified by using any one of the        following methods alone or in combination:    -   (i) a reporter system reflecting the process that transports        GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, (ii) an ELISA that        quantifies one type of the GPI-anchored protein in the cell        wall, (iii) measuring the activity of a GPI-anchored protein        such as adhesion to animal cells, and (iv) observing the        flocculent, fibrous structure of the outermost layer of a fungal        cell by a transmission electron microscope.

12. A compound having an antifungal action that is isolated by thescreening of 10 (paragraph [0031]) or 11 (paragraph [0032]).

13. An antifungal agent, comprising as an active ingredient a compoundthat inhibits the transport of GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall ofa fungus.

14. An antifungal agent, comprising as an active ingredient the antibodyof 9 (paragraph [0030]) or the compound of 12 (paragraph [0033]).

15. The antifungal agent of 13 (paragraph [0034]), comprising as anactive ingredient the compound represented by the general formula (I), asalt thereof, or a hydrate thereof, wherein in formula (I):

-   -   [R^(1a) and R^(2a) are identical to or different from each other        and denote individually a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxyl        group, nitro group, cyano group, trifluoromethyl group,        trifluoromethoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆        alkyl group, C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, C₂₋₆ alkynyl group, a        substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy group, or a group        represented by the formula:

-   -   (wherein X¹ stands for a single bond, carbonyl group, or a group        represented by the formula —S(O)₂—;    -   R^(5a) and R^(6a) are identical to or different from each other        and denote a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl group). Furthermore, R^(1a) and R^(2a) may together        form a condensed ring selected from the group consisting of a        substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or        unsubstituted pyridine ring, a substituted or unsubstituted        pyrrole ring, a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene ring, a        substituted or unsubstituted furan ring, a substituted or        unsubstituted pyridazine ring, a substituted or unsubstituted        pyrimidine ring, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine ring, a        substituted or unsubstituted imidazole ring, a substituted or        unsubstituted oxazole ring, a substituted or unsubstituted        thiazole ring, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazole ring, a        substituted or unsubstituted isoxazole ring, a substituted or        unsubstituted isothiazole ring, a substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexane ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted        cyclopentane ring;    -   R^(3a) and R^(4a) are identical to or different from each other        and denote individually a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxyl        group, nitro group, cyano group, carboxyl group, formyl group,        hydroxyimino group, trifluoromethyl group, trifluoromethoxy        group, C₁₋₆ alkyl group, C₁₋₆ alkoxy group, C₂₋₆ alkenyl group,        C₂₋₆ alkynyl group, a group represented by the formula        —C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7b) (wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) are identical to        or different from each other and denote individually a hydrogen        atom, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group), the formula —CO₂R^(7a) (wherein        R^(7a) has the same meaning as defined above), the formula        —S(O)_(n)R⁷, (wherein n stands for an integer of 0 to 2 and        R^(7a) has the same meaning as defined above), the formula        —S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7b) (wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) have the same        meaning as defined above), a group of the formula

-   -   (wherein X² denotes a single bond, carbonyl group, or a group of        the formula —S(O)₂—;    -   R^(5b) and R^(6b) are identical to or different from each other,        -   and denote a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted            C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₆₋₁₄            aryl group), or a group of the formula

-Z¹-Z²

-   -   (wherein Z¹ denotes a single bond, oxygen atom, vinylene group,        or ethynylene group;    -   Z² denotes a single bond, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group substituted or        unsubstituted with 0 to 4 substituents). R^(3a) and R^(4a) may        together stand for a methylenedioxy group or 1,2-ethylenedioxy        group, alternatively, R^(3a) and R^(4a) may together stand for        the formation of a condensed ring selected from a group        consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring,        substituted or unsubstituted pyridine ring, substituted or        unsubstituted pyrrole ring, substituted or unsubstituted        thiophene ring, substituted or unsubstituted furan ring,        substituted or unsubstituted pyridazine ring, substituted or        unsubstituted pyrimidine ring, substituted or unsubstituted        pyrazine ring, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole ring,        substituted or unsubstituted oxazole ring, substituted or        unsubstituted thiazole ring, substituted or unsubstituted        pyrazole ring, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazole ring,        substituted or unsubstituted isothiazole ring, substituted or        unsubstituted cyclohexane ring, and substituted or unsubstituted        cyclopentane ring, except in cases where both R^(1a) and R^(2a)        stand for hydrogen atoms.]

16. The aforementioned antifungal agent of 13 (paragraph [0034]),comprising as the active ingredient compound (Ia) of the formula:

17. A compound represented by the general formula (II), a salt or ahydrate thereof, wherein in formula (II),

-   -   [Ar stands for a substituent selected from a group consisting of        the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIf):

-   -   (wherein K denotes a sulfur atom, oxygen atom, or a group        represented by the formula —NH—;    -   R^(1b) and R^(2b) are identical to or different from each other        and denote individually a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxyl        group, nitro group, cyano group, trifluoromethyl group,        trifluoromethoxy group, a group represented by the formula

-   -   (wherein X³ denotes a single bond, carbonyl group, or a group        represented by the formula —S(O)₂—;    -   R^(5c) and R^(6c) are identical to or different from each other        and denote a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl group), or a group represented by the formula        —X⁴—R^(3a) (wherein X⁴ denotes a single bond, oxygen atom, or        sulfur atom; R^(8a) denotes a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, C₂₋₆ alkenyl        group, C₂₋₆ alkynyl group, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl group, or C₃₋₈        cycloalkenyl group). Alternatively, R^(1b) and R^(2b) may        together form a methylenedioxy group, or a 1,2-ethylenedioxy        group.);

R^(3b) and R^(4b) are identical to or different from each other anddenote individually a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxyl group, nitrogroup, cyano group, carboxyl group, formyl group, hydroxyimino group,trifluoromethyl group, trifluoromethoxy group, C₁₋₆ alkyl group, C₁₋₆alkoxy group, C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, C₂₋₆ alkynyl group, or a grouprepresented by the formula

-Z^(1b)-Z^(2b)

-   -   (wherein Z^(1b) denotes a single bond, vinylene group, or        ethynylene group;    -   Z^(2b) denotes a single bond, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group that is        substituted or unsubstituted with 0 to 4 substituents);    -   except in cases where (1) Ar stands for the aforementioned        formula (IIId) wherein R^(1b) and R^(2b) are both hydrogen        atoms, (2) at least one of R^(3b) or R^(4b) denotes a hydrogen        atom and the other is a hydrogen atom, methoxy group, hydroxyl        group, methyl group, benzyloxy group, or a halogen atom, and Ar        stands for the aforementioned formula (IIIc) wherein R^(1b) and        R^(2b) both denote hydrogen atoms or methoxy groups, (3) at        least one of R^(3b) or R^(4b) denotes a hydrogen atom and the        other is a hydrogen atom, hydroxyl group, methoxy group, or        benzyloxy group, and Ar stands for the aforementioned formula        (IIIc) wherein R^(1b) and R^(2b) both denote hydroxyl groups or        benzyloxy groups, or (4) Ar stands for the aforementioned        formula (IIId) wherein R^(1b) is a hydrogen atom and R^(2b) is a        formyl group, hydroxymethyl group, or methoxycarbonyl group.]

18. The compound of 17 (paragraph [0038]), or a salt or hydrate thereof,wherein Ar stands for the formula:

-   -   (wherein R^(1c) denotes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or        unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or a benzyl group), and        excluding the case when R^(3b) denotes a hydrogen atom.

19. A compound represented by the general formula (IIIc2), or a salt orhydrate thereof, wherein in formula (IIIc2),

-   -   [R^(1b) and R^(2b) have the same meaning as defined above,        except in cases wherein (1) R^(1b) denotes a group represented        by the formula R^(1c)—O— (wherein R^(1c) has the same meaning as        defined above), R^(2b) is a hydrogen atom, and R^(3b) denotes a        hydrogen atom, (2) at least one of R^(3b) or R^(4b) denotes a        hydrogen atom, and the other is a hydrogen atom, methoxy group,        hydroxyl group, methyl group, benzyloxy group, or a halogen        atom, and R^(1b) and R^(2b) both denote hydrogen atoms or        methoxy groups, or (3) at least one of R^(3b) or R^(4b) denotes        a hydrogen atom, and the other is a hydrogen atom, hydroxyl        group, methoxy group, or benzyloxy group, and R^(1b) and R^(2b)        both denote hydroxyl groups or benzyloxy groups]

20. The antifungal agent of 17 (paragraph [0038]), having an antifungalaction.

21. The antifungal agent of 15 (paragraph [0036]), wherein at least oneof R^(3a) and R^(4a) denotes a group represented by the formula—C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7b) (wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) have the same meaning asdefined above), the formula —CO₂R^(7a) (wherein R^(7a) has the samemeaning as defined above), the formula —S(O)_(n)R^(7a) (wherein ndenotes an integer of 0 to 2 and R^(7a) has the same meaning as definedabove.), the formula —S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7b) (wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) havethe same meaning as defined above), the formula

-   -   (wherein X², R^(5b), and R^(6b) have the same meaning as defined        above), or a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group substituted or unsubstituted with        0 to 4 substituents, or R^(3a) and R^(4a) together denote a        methylenedioxy group, or a 1,2-ethylenedioxy group.

22. The aforementioned antifungal agent of 15 (paragraph [0036]),wherein the compound having an antifungal action is (1)1-benzylisoquinoline, (2) 1-(4-bromobenzyl)isoquinoline, (3)1-(4-chlorobenzyl)isoquinoline, (4) 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)isoquinoline, (5)1-(4-iodobenzyl)isoquinoline, (6) 1-(3-methylbenzyl)isoquinoline, (7)1-(4-methylbenzyl)isoquinoline, (8) 1-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)isoquinoline,(9) 1-(3-methoxybenzyl)isoquinoline, (10)1-(4-methoxybenzyl)isoquinoline, (11)1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)isoquinoline, (12)1-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)isoquinoline, (13) 1-(4-cyanobenzyl)isoquinoline,(14) 1-(4-nitrobenzyl)isoquinoline, (15) 1-(4-aminobenzyl)isoquinoline,(16) 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dichloro-isoquinoline, (17)1-(4-methoxy-2-nitro-benzyl)-isoquinoline, (18)1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-methylenedioxy-isoquinoline, (19)1-(2-amino-4-methoxy-benzyl)isoquinoline, (20)1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-isoquinoline, (21)1-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinoline, (22)1-(4-methoxybenzyl)6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinoline, (23)1(4-methoxy-2-nitro-benzyl)-isoquinoline, (24)3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]propylcyanide, (25)1-[4-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (26)1-[4-(2-piperidinoethoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (27)4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl(2-morpholinoethyl)ether, (28)1-[4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (29)N-{2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}-N,N-dimethylamine, (30)1-[4-(phenethyloxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (31)1-{4-[(2-methylallyl)oxy]benzyl}isoquinoline, (32)1-(4-isobutoxybenzyl)isoquinoline, (33)1-[4-(2-phenoxyethoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (34) methyl2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]acetate, (35)2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]-1-ethanol, (36) t-butylN-{2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}carbamate, (37)1-{4-[3-(tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)propoxy]benzyl} isoquinoline, (38)2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]-1-ethaneamine, (39)1-[4-(3-piperidinopropoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (40)3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]-1-propanol, (41)1-[4-(2-ethylbutoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline, (42)4-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenoxy]butanoic acid, (43)1-(4-{3-[(4-benzylpiperazino)sulfonyl]propoxy}benzyl)isoquinoline, (44)1-(4-{3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazino]propoxy}benzyl)isoquinoline, (45)4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)aniline, (46)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]butaneamide, (47)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propaneamide, (48)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-ethanesulfonamide, (49)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-N-methyl-ethanesulfonamide, (50)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-N-methylamine, (51)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-N-propylamine, or (52)N-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-N-methyl-N-propylamine.

23. A method for treating a mycotic infection comprising administering atherapeutically effective dose of any one of the antifungal agents of 13to 22 (paragraphs [0034-0043]) to a mammal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the process that transportsGPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall. A GPI(Glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored protein is first anchored to theplasma membrane, and then transported to the cell wall.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the activity of the aforementioned compound(Ia) in the S. cerevisiae reporter system. In the presence of theaforementioned compound (Ia) at a concentration of 0.39 to 1.56 μg/ml,cephalosporinase activity increased in the culture supernatant fractionand decreased in the cell wall fraction, and at a concentration of 3.13μg/ml or more, growth inhibition was observed.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the aforementioned compound (Ia)on the adhesion of C. albicans to animal cells. Even at a concentrationof 1.56 μg/ml in which growth inhibition cannot be observed, adhesion ofC. albicans to animal cells was inhibited to about a half.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of the aforementioned compound (Ia)on the amount of the Als1p antigen of C. albicans. In the presence ofthe aforementioned compound (Ia) at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.39μg/ml, the amount of the Als1p antigen increased in the culturesupernatant fraction and the amount of the antigen decreased in the cellwall fraction.

FIG. 5 is a photograph showing the Southern Blot of C. albicans genomicDNA analysis using the S. cerevisiae GWT1 gene as a probe. A single bandwas observed at 6.5 kb with EcoRI, at 4.0 kb with HindIII, at 2.0 kbwith EcoRI-HindIII, and at 2.5 kb with EcoRI-PstI, and the homologue ofthe resistant gene to the aforementioned compound (Ia) in C. albicanswas expected to exist as a single gene.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs showing the activity of the aforementionedcompound (Ia) in S. cerevisiae that overexpressed the GWT1 gene product.In S. cerevisiae CW63 strain (FIG. 6A), even at the concentration of theaforementioned compound (Ia) (0.39 to 1.56 μg/ml) in whichcephalosporinase activity in the culture supernatant fraction isincreased, and activity in the cell wall fraction is decreased, such aneffect was not observed in S. cerevisiae CW63/GWT1 strain, and in S.cerevisiae CW63 strain, even at the concentration of the aforementioned(>3.13 μg/ml) in which growth is inhibited, growth inhibition was notobserved in S. cerevisiae CW63/GWT1 strain (FIG. 6B).

FIG. 7 is a diagram in which the highly conserved regions in theproteins encoded by the GWT1 genes of S. cerevisiae, (SEQ ID NO:64(F-domain) and SEQ ID NO:67 (R-domain)), S. pombe (SEQ ID NO:65(F-domain) and SEQ ID NO:68 (R-domain)), and C. albicans (SEQ ID NO:66(F-domain) and SEQ ID NO:69 (R-domain)) are aligned.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will be described in detail below by explainingthe meaning of the terms, symbols, and such mentioned in the presentdescription.

In the present description, the structural formula of the compounds mayrepresent a certain isomer for convenience, however, the presentinvention includes all geometrical isomers, optical isomers based onasymmetric carbon, stereoisomers, and tautomers that structurally arisefrom compounds, and mixtures of isomers, and it is not to be construedas being limited to the representation in the formula made forconvenience, and may be any one or a mixture of isomers. Therefore, anoptically active substance and a racemic substance having an asymmetriccarbon atom in the molecule may exist, but in this invention there areno particular limitations and any one of them are included. Furthermore,crystal polymorphism may exist, but similarly there are no limitations,and the crystal form may be any one form or may be a mixture, and may beeither an anhydride or a hydrate.

Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention include compoundsexhibiting antifungal action after being metabolized, such as afterbeing oxidized, reduced, hydrolyzed, or conjugated in vivo. Furthermore,the present invention includes compounds that produce the compounds ofthis invention after being metabolized, such as after being oxidized,reduced, and hydrolyzed in vivo.

The “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” in the present description means a straight chainor branched chain alkyl group, wherein the number of carbon ranges from1 to 6, and specific examples include a methyl group, ethyl group,n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, i-butyl group, tert-butylgroup, n-pentyl group, i-pentyl group, neopentyl group, n-hexyl group,1-methylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 2-ethylpropyl group,1-methyl-2-ethylpropyl group, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl group,1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group,1,1-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2-ethylbutyl group,1,3-dimethylbutyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, andso on.

The “C₂₋₆ alkenyl group” in the present description means a straightchain or branched chain alkenyl group, wherein the number of carbonranges from 2 to 6, and specific examples include a vinyl group, allylgroup, 1-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butene-1-yl group,1-butene-2-yl group, 1-butene-3-yl group, 2-butene-1-yl group,2-butene-2-yl group, and so on.

The “C₂₋₆ alkynyl group” in the present description means a straightchain or branched chain alkynyl group, wherein the number of carbonranges from 2 to 6, and specific examples include an ethynyl group,1-propynyl group, 2-propynyl group, butynyl group, pentynyl group,hexynyl group, and so on.

The “C₁₋₆ alkoxy group” in the present description means an oxy group towhich “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” defined above is bound, and specific examplesinclude a methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, i-propoxy group,n-butoxy group, i-butoxy group, sec-butoxy group, t-butoxy group,n-pentyloxy group, i-pentyloxy group, sec-pentyloxy group, t-pentyloxygroup, neopentyloxy group, 1-methylbutoxy group, 2-methylbutoxy group,1,1-dimethylpropoxy group, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, n-hexyloxy group,i-hexyloxy group, 1-methylpentyloxy group, 2-methylpentyloxy group,3-methylpentyloxy group, 1,1-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,2-dimethylbutoxygroup, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy group,2,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 3,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 1-ethylbutoxy group,2-ethylbutoxy group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropoxy group,1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy group, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropoxy group,1-ethyl-2-methylpropoxy group, and so on.

The “C₆₋₁₄ aryl group” in the present description refers to an aromaticring group,

wherein the number of carbon ranges from 6 to 14, and specific examplesinclude a phenyl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group, as-indacenylgroup, s-indacenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, and so on.

The “halogen atom” of the present description means a fluorine atom,chlorine atom, bromine atom, and iodine atom.

“Substituted or unsubstituted” in the present description means “thesubstitutable site may have an arbitrary combination of one or moresubstituents” and specifically the substituents are, for example, ahydrogen atom, halogen, nitro group, cyano group, hydroxyl group,mercapto group, hydroxyalkyl group, carboxyl group, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonylgroup, C₂₋₇ acylamino group, C₁₋₆ alkylamino group, pyridyl group, C₁₋₆alkylsulfinyl group, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfamoylgroup, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinamoyl group, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfenamoyl group,tetrahydropyranyl group, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamoyl group, or the formula—X⁴—R^(8a) (wherein X⁴ denotes a single bond, oxygen atom, or sulfuratom; R^(8a) denotes a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, C₂₋₆alkynyl group, C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl group, or C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl group), and so on.

“May be substituted with 0 to 4 substituents” has the same meaning as“the substitutable site may have an arbitrary combination of 1 to 4substituents” and the substituents have the same meaning as definedabove.

“Salt” in the present invention refers to a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, and there are no particular limitations as long as the salt hasformed an addition salt with a compound of this invention, and apreferred example is a haloid acid salt such as hydrofluoride,hydrochloride, hydrobromide, and hydroiodide; an inorganic acid saltsuch as a sulfate, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphate, carbonate, andbicarbonate; an organic carboxylate such as an acetate, oxalate,maleate, tartrate, and fumarate; an organic sulfonate such as amethanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate,benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, and camphorsulfonate; an amino acidsalt such as an aspartate, and glutamate; salts with an amine such as atrimethylamin, triethylamine, procaine, pyridine, andphenethylbenzylamine; alkali metal salts such as sodium, and potassium;alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium and calcium; and so on.

Herein below, the following will be disclosed: 1. A method for obtainingDNAs encoding proteins participating in cell wall synthesis, 2. a methodfor examining whether or not a test sample influences the process thattransports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, and 3. a method forobtaining the aforementioned compound (Ia) of the present invention.

1. A Method for Obtaining DNAs Encoding Proteins Participating in FungalCell Wall Synthesis

Hereinafter, (1) a method for obtaining a DNA encoding a protein foracquiring resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia) byoverexpression in fungi; (2) a method for obtaining a DNA thathybridizes under stringent conditions with the DNA of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:5; (3) a method for obtaining a DNA that encodes aprotein that participates in fungal cell wall synthesis, based on ahomology search; and (4) a method for obtaining a fungus thatoverexpressed or lacked the protein for acquiring resistance to theaforementioned compound (Ia), will be described.

(1). A Method for Obtaining a DNA Encoding a Protein for AcquiringResistance to the Aforementioned Compound (Ia) by Overexpression of theDNA in a Fungus

Herein, “fungus” means a fungus belonging to Division Zygomycota,Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. Preferable is a pathogenicfungus, Mucor, Saccharomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon,Malassezia, Aspergillus, Trichophyton, Microsporum, Sporothrix,Blastmyces, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Penicillinium, or Fusarium,and more preferable is C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. neoformans, or A.fumigatus. S. cerevisiae and S. pombe, for which genetic analyses areeasy, are also preferred strains.

A plasmid library of a fungal gene is introduced into a fungus. Theplasmid library of S. cerevisiae and S. pombe can be obtained from ATCC(Information for ATCC Number: 37323), and the plasmid library of C.albicans can be produced by the method according to Navaro-Garcia, F. etal, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15: 2197-2206, 1995. The obtained plasmid libraryis introduced to the fungi by the method according to Gietz, D. et al,Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 1425, 1992. Alternatively, a kit such asYEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation System (Clontech) may be used.

The Fungus to which the plasmid library is introduced is cultured in thepresence of the aforementioned compound (Ia). Specifically, an agarmedium containing the aforementioned compound (Ia) at a concentration of1.56 to 25 μg/ml, preferably 1.56 to 6.25 μg/ml, and more preferably3.125 μg/ml is inoculated with the fungus into which a plasmid libraryhas been introduced, is cultured for an appropriate length of time, at30° C. to 42° C. for 2 to 5 days, or preferably at 37° C. for 3 days.The colony formed upon proliferation is further cultured in a mediumcontaining the aforementioned compound (Ia), and the plasmid is purifiedfrom the proliferated fungal cells. Purification of the plasmid can beperformed by the method according to METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Vol. 194:169-182 (1991), for example.

Preferably, the nucleotide sequence of the obtained plasmid isdetermined directly, but if necessary, cloning into an appropriatevector, for example pBluescript II, and pUC19 suitable for nucleotidesequence determination, is done to determine the nucleotide sequence. Anucleotide sequence can be determined for example by the methodaccompanying the ABI377 System (PE applied Biosystems) manual.

In the Examples of the present invention, all 27 of the independentlyobtained colonies of S. cerevisiae, and 28 colonies out of 30 coloniesof C. albicans contained the DNAs of this invention. Only one gene thatconfers resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia) exists in thesefungi and this can be obtained by the abovementioned method.

(2). A Method for Obtaining a DNA that Hybridizes Under StringentConditions to the DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5

An example of a method for obtaining a DNA encoding a proteinparticipating in fungal cell wall synthesis according to the presentinvention comprises designing a primer from the information of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 using the genomic DNA of S.cerevisiae as a template, or designing a primer from the information ofthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 using the genomicDNA of C. albicans as the template, then performing PCR, and cloning theamplified DNA into an appropriate vector, such as pBlueScript. Theprimer is designed as necessary according to the region to be amplified,and the length is preferably 15 bp or more, more preferably 20 bp ormore, and in some cases sequences necessary for subsequent DNAconstruction, such as restriction enzyme sites, may be added. Theconditions for PCR can be determined appropriately according to factorssuch as the length of primer, the length of the region to be amplified,and the amount of template DNA to be used. For example, a DNA encoding aprotein participating in cell wall synthesis in a fungus can be obtainedusing 200 ng of the genomic DNA of C. albicans as a template, and SEQ IDNO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22 as primers under conditions of 94° C. for 4minutes→(94° C. for 30 seconds→68° C. for 5 minutes)×35 cycles→72° C.for 4 minutes.

The DNA obtained by PCR may be used as a probe for obtaining other typesof fungal DNA showing homology to the DNA encoding the proteinparticipating in cell wall synthesis. Specifically, for example, toobtain a homologous gene of C. albicans encoding the proteinparticipating in S. cerevisiae cell wall synthesis, DNA that hybridizesunder stringent conditions can be cloned from the genomic library orcDNA library of C. albicans, using the genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae as atemplate, and using DNA that is obtained by PCR as a probe. Herein,stringent conditions refer to hybridization in 4×SSC at 65° C., thenwashing in 0.1×SSC at 65° C. for 1 hour, for example. Furthermore, inanother the stringent conditions are 4×SSC at 42° C. in 50% formamide.Alternatively, conditions such as hybridization in the PERFECTHYB™(TOYOBO) solution at 65° C. for 2.5 hours, then washing in 1). 2×SSC,0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 5 minutes, 2). 2×SSC, 0.05% SDSsolution at 25° C. for 15 minutes, and 3). 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at50° C. for 20 minutes, are also allowed.

The Examples of this invention demonstrate from Southern Blot analysisthat there is only one gene in C. albicans that hybridizes with the DNAof SEQ ID NO: 1, and shows the cloning of this gene. From theabove-mentioned method, DNA that hybridizes with SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ IDNO:3 can be obtained.

(3). A Method for Obtaining a DNA that Encodes a Protein thatParticipates in Fungal Cell Wall Synthesis Based on a Homology Search

The present invention revealed the GWT1 homologues of S. cerevisiae, C.albicans, S. pombe, A. fumigatus, and C. neoformans. The regionconserved among these genes is considered to be important for GWT1 geneproducts to exhibit their function, and may very well be conserved inother fungi.

Therefore, a DNA encoding a protein participating in fungal cell wallsynthesis can be obtained by either carrying out hybridization uponconstructing a probe based on the amino acid sequence of the conservedregion, or by performing PCR by designing primers based on the sequence.The PCR primer may be of any sequence as long as it is designed toencode the conserved region, but is preferably SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 31 orpreferably SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30.

Furthermore, as another method, a DNA encoding a protein participatingin fungal cell wall synthesis can be obtained by carrying out PCR withcDNA or genomic DNA upon finding a nucleotide sequence showing homologyto GWT1 from gene fragments registered in databases, and then designingprimers based on that nucleotide sequence.

Examples of PCR methods for obtaining a full-length gene based on theobtained sequence are techniques such as 3′-RACE, 5′-RACE, and inversePCR, and it is also possible to select by hybridization a clonecontaining neighboring sequences. A full-length gene can be obtained bycombining these techniques.

(4). A Method for Obtaining a Fungus that Overexpresses or Lacks aProtein for Acquiring Resistance to the Aforementioned Compound (Ia)

A Fungus, preferably S. cerevisiae, that overexpresses a protein foracquiring resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia) of thisinvention can be obtained by the method of inserting an expressionvector expressing the protein into a particular position on the fungalchromosome, for example an expression vector in which the DNA of SEQ IDNO:1 is connected downstream of a promoter, which can forcibly expressthe protein in fungi, preferably the promoter of budding yeast enolasegene (ENO1). The insertion method can be performed, for example, by thesteps of, inserting a desired sequence into the multicloning site ofpRS304 (Sikorski R S et al, Genetics. 122(1): 19-27, 1989), constructinga vector for integration, and introducing the vector into the fungus.One can refer to METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Vol. 194: 281-301 (1991) fordetails.

Furthermore, an overexpressed strain of C. albicans can be obtained byincorporating the gene of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 into an expressionvector for C. albicans, such as pCARS1 and pRM1(Pla J et al, Yeast 12:1677-1702, 1996), and then transforming C. albicans (Sanglard D et al,Antimicrobiol. Agents Chemother. 40: 2300-2305, 1996).

Fungi of this invention lacking a gene for acquiring resistance againstthe aforementioned compound (Ia), preferably S. cerevisiae, can beobtained by the following methods, but is not to be construed as beinglimited thereto.

PCR amplification is carried out using a marker gene, preferably his5gene of S. pombe, as a template, and using primers that are designed sothat PCR products that contain the gene to be deleted (30 bp or more, orpreferably 40 bp or more). In the case of S. cerevisiae, the geneticsequence of SEQ ID NO:1, positioned on both ends can be obtained. ThePCR products can be purified and introduced into fungi, then cultured ina selection medium corresponding to the marker gene, for example, his⁻for his5, to obtain the deletion strain.

Furthermore, the deletion strain of C. albicans is obtained by the usualmethod using a hisG-URA3-hisG cassette (Fonzi W A et al, Genetics 134:717-728, 1993) based on the nucleotide sequence information of SEQ IDNO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5.

2. A Method for Examining Whether or not the Test Sample Influences theProcess that Transports GPI-Anchored Proteins to the Cell Wall

Whether or not the test sample inhibits the process that transportsGPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, or whether or not the testsample inhibits the expression of the GPI-anchored protein in the fungalsurface can be examined by (1) a method using a reporter enzyme, (2) amethod using an antibody that reacts with the surface glycoprotein ofthe fungal cell wall, (3) a method for examining the adhesion abilitytowards animal cells, and (4) a method for observing fungi using anoptical microscope or an electron microscope.

By using the methods of (1) to (4) described below, preferably themethods of (1) to (4) in combination, the test sample is judged toinhibit the process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cellwall, or the expression of the GPI-anchored proteins at the fungalsurface. Furthermore, it is judged that the test sample influences theprocess that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall when thedegree of inhibition diminishes or the inhibition is no longer seen whenthe protein encoded by the DNA of the present invention is overexpressedin fungi.

Hereinafter, the methods of (1) to (4) will be described.

(1). A Method Using a Reporter Enzyme

The process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall canbe quantified by a tracer experiment such as labeling a GPI-anchoredprotein with a radioactive isotope, then upon fractionation of thefungal cell wall fraction, immunoprecipitating with an antibody againsta GPI-anchored protein. Alternatively, the quantification can be morereadily done by expressing the C-terminal sequence considered tofunction as a transport signal, which is commonly observed amongGPI-anchored proteins, as a fusion protein with an easily measurableenzyme (reporter enzyme), fractionating the fungal cell wall fraction,and then using a reporter system that measures the enzyme activity ofeach fraction (Van Berkel M A A et al, FEBS Letters, 349: 135-138,1994). Hereinafter, a method using the reporter enzyme will beexplained, but the present invention is not to be construed as beinglimited thereto.

First, the reporter gene is constructed and is introduced into a fungus.The reporter gene is constructed by linking a promoter sequence thatfunctions in fungi, followed by DNAs that respectively encode a signalsequence, a reporter enzyme, and a GPI-anchored protein C-terminalsequence so that the reading frames match. Examples of the promotersequences are those of promoters such as GAL10, and ENO1. Examples ofsignal sequences are those of α-factor, invertase, lysozyme, and such.Examples of reporter enzymes are β-lactamase, lysozyme, alkalinephosphatase, β-galactosidase, and such. Green Fluorescence Protein(GFP), which can be detected easily, can be used, even though it doesnot have enzyme activity. Examples of GPI-anchored protein C-terminalsequences are α-agglutinin C-terminal sequence, CWP2 C-terminalsequence, and such. Furthermore, it is preferable to insert anappropriate selection marker such as LEU2, and URA3 into the vectorcontaining the constructed reporter gene.

The constructed reporter gene is inserted into a fungus by anappropriate method, such as the lithium acetate method (Gietz D et al,Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 1425, 1992), and cultured, if necessary by a methodsuitable for the selection marker, such as Leu⁻ medium for LEU2, andUra⁻ medium for URA3, and then fungi into which the DNA has beenintroduced are selected.

Whether or not a test sample influences the process that transportsGPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall is examined by the followingmethod.

The reporter gene-introduced fungi are cultured under appropriateconditions, for example at 30° C. for 48 hours, in the presence of atest sample. After culturing, the culture supernatant is centrifuged,and the reporter enzyme activity of the culture supernatant fraction ismeasured. The remaining cell fraction is washed, then the cell wallcomponents are separated by an appropriate method, such as degrading thecell wall glucan with glucanase, and then measuring the reporter enzymeactivity of the cell wall fraction and the cytoplasmic fraction. Theassay can be simply carried out by determining the amount of reporterenzyme in the cell fraction by centrifuging, then without washing thecells, determining the amount of reporter enzyme derived from theculture supernatant fraction that remains in the cell fraction byproportional calculation, and subtracting this from the amount ofreporter enzyme of the cell fraction.

If an activity to increase the reporter enzyme activity within theculture supernatant fraction (activity per cell), or an activity todecrease the reporter enzyme activity in the cell wall fraction(activity per cell) is confirmed in the test sample, the test sample isjudged to have influenced the process that transports GPI-anchoredproteins to the cell wall.

(2). A Method Using an Antibody that Reacts with the SurfaceGlycoprotein of a Fungal Cell Wall

Whether or not the test sample influences the expression of theGPI-anchored protein at the fungal surface layer can be detected byquantifying a GPI-anchored protein in the fungal cell wall using anantibody that reacts with the protein.

For example, as the antibody, the antigenic determinant is predictedfrom the amino acid sequence of a GPI-anchored protein, for example,α-agglutinin, Cwp2p, and Als1p (Chen M H et al, J. Biol. Chem.,270:26168-26177, 1995; Van Der Vaat J M et al, J. Bacteriol.,177:3104-3110, 1995; Hoyer L L et al, Mol. Microbiol., 15:39-54, 1995),the peptide of that region is synthesized, this is bound to an antigenicsubstance, such as a carrier protein, and then polyclonal antibodies canbe obtained by immunizing a rabbit and such, or a monoclonal antibodycan be obtained by immunizing a mouse and such. Furthermore, a houserabbit polyclonal antibody against the Als1p peptide is preferable.

In an alternative method, a monoclonal antibody against a GPI-anchoredprotein may be obtained by immunizing a mouse and such with a fungus,preferably a fungus overexpressing the GPI-anchored protein, such asα-agglutinin, Cwp2p, and Als1p, and in some cases, by immunizing withthe partially purified GPI-anchored protein, and selecting the cloneyielded as a result of the fusion by ELISA, Western blot analysis, andsuch.

Whether or not the test sample influences the process that transportsGPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall, and diminishes the amount of theprotein derived from the GPI-anchored protein in the cell wall can beexamined by the following method.

A fungus is cultured in the presence of a test sample under appropriateconditions, such as 30° C., for 48 hours. The cultured fungus iscollected by centrifugation and the cells are disrupted, preferablyusing glass beads. The washed, disrupted cells are preferably subjectedto centrifugal extraction with SDS, then the precipitate is washed.After the extraction, the disrupted cells are treated with an enzymethat degrades glucan, preferably glucanase, and the centrifugedsupernatant thereof is the GPI-anchored protein sample.

The anti-Als1p peptide antibody is coated onto a 96-well plate byincubating at 4° C. overnight. After washing with a washing solution,preferably PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), blocking is carried outwith a reagent that blocks the non-specific adsorption sites of the96-well plate, preferably a protein such as BSA, and gelatin, morepreferably BlockAce. After washing again with a washing solution,preferably PBST, in some cases, after adding an appropriately dilutedGPI-anchored protein sample, the reaction is carried out for anappropriate length of time, such as 2 hours at room temperature. Afterwashing with a washing solution, preferably with PBST, an antibodyagainst the enzyme-labeled C. albicans, preferably HRP-labeledanti-Candida antibody, is reacted for an appropriate length of time,such as 2 hours at room temperature. The method for labeling may beenzyme labeling or radioactive isotope labeling. After washing with awashing solution, preferably PBST, the amount of Als1p in theGPI-anchored protein sample is calculated by a method appropriate forthe type of label, i.e. for an enzyme label, adding a substratesolution, and then upon stopping the reaction, measuring the absorbanceat 490 nm.

(3). A Method for Examining the Adhesion Ability Towards Animal Cells

Whether or not the test sample influences expression of a GPI-anchoredprotein on the fungal surface can be examined by measuring the activityof the GPI-anchored protein in the fungal cell wall, preferably bymeasuring the adhesion ability of fungi to animal cells, and such.Besides Als1p, Hwp1p, and such participating in adhesion to animalcells, α-agglutinin participating in mating, Flo1p participating inyeast aggregation, and such are known as GPI-anchored proteins.Hereinafter, examination methods that use the adhesion ability of fungito animal cells will be explained in detail, but this invention is notto be construed as being limited thereto.

As the fungus, a fungus having an adhesion ability towards cells isused, and preferably, the fungus is C. albicans. For mammalian cells,cells that adhere to the fungus are used, and preferably, are intestinalepithelial cells. The mammalian cells are cultured and are immobilizedby an appropriate method such as ethanol immobilization. The test sampleand the fungi, which have been incubated for an appropriate length oftime, such as 48 hours at 30° C., are inoculated, then after culturingfor a certain length of time, for example 1 hour at 30° C., the culturesupernatant is removed, washed with a buffer, and is superposed onto anagar media, such as Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Medium (Difco). Afterculturing at 30° C. overnight, the number of colonies is counted, andthe adhesion rate is calculated.

If activity to lower the number of colonies formed by adhesion of fungito cells is observed in a test sample compared to that of fungi that arenot treated with the compound, the test sample is judged to haveinfluenced the process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cellwall.

(4). A Method for Observing Fungiusing an Electron Microscope or anOptical Microscope

Whether or not a test sample influences the expression of theGPI-anchored proteins in the fungal surface can be examined by observingthe structure of the fungal cell wall using an electron microscope.

In the presence of a test sample, a fungus such as C. albicans iscultured for a certain length of time, for example, 48 hours at 30° C.,and the ultrafine morphological structure is observed with atransmission electron microscope. Herein, observation with atransmission electron microscope can be carried out, for example by themethod according to the Electron Microscope Chart Manual (MedicalPublishing Center). The flocculent fibrous structure of the outermostlayer of the fungal cell that has a high electron density and isobservable by transmission electron microscope image, is considered tobe a surface glycoprotein layer having GPI-anchored proteins as itsconstituents, and is not influenced by other existing antifungal agents.When this flocculent fibrous structure of the outermost layer of afungal cell, which has a high electron density, disappears leaving aslight layer with a high electron density, compared to that in theuntreated cells, the test sample is judged to have influenced theprocess that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall.

When images, in which fungal cells are largely swollen and budding(division) is inhibited, are observed under a transmission electronmicroscope in addition to an optical microscope, the test sample isjudged to have an influence on the cell wall.

The compounds of the present invention represented by the formula (I)

(wherein the symbols have the same meaning as defined above) can besynthesized by utilizing conventional organic chemical reactions andsuch that have been known to date. For example, it can be synthesized bythe following methods.

Production Method (1)

In the above formulae, X is a leaving group such as a halogen group andacyl group. Other symbols in the formulae have the same meaning asdefined above.

Process A1

A reaction for producing the Reissert compound (V). The compound can beproduced based on the reaction conditions according to the literature,such as Org. Synth., VI, 115 (1988); Heterocycles, 36(11), 2489 (1993);J. Chem. Soc. (C), 666 (1969); or J. Heterocycl. Chem., 29(5), 1165(1992). Specifically, the reagents used are, for example, a combinationof benzoyl chloride and potassium cyanide.

Process A2

A process for alkylation. The compound (VI) can be produced by reactingthe compound (V) with a substituted benzyl halide derivative, asubstituted benzylmethanesulfonate derivative, or such in the presenceof a base. Specific examples of the base include sodium hydride, sodiumhydroxide.

Process A3

A process for hydrolysis reaction. The compound (1) can be produced byhydrolysis of the compound (VI) in the presence of a base.

Method A is a method for producing the compound (1) via Process A1,Process A2, and Process A3.

Process B1

A process for conversion of the compound (V) to the compound (VII). Thecompound (VII) can be produced by reacting the compound (V) with asubstituted benzaldehyde in the presence of a base and a phase-transfercatalyst. Examples of the base include sodium hydroxide and potassiumhydroxide. Examples of the phase-transfer catalyst includetriethylbenzylammonium chloride.

Process B2

A process for oxidation of the alcohol to the ketone. The ketonederivative (VIII) can be produced by using an oxidizing agent and acondition conventionally used for the oxidation reaction of an alcoholto a ketone. Specifically, the oxidizing agent is, for example,manganese dioxide, chromium dioxide, or benzoquinone.

Process B3

A process for reduction of the ketone to the methylene. The methylenederivative (I) can be produced by using a conventionally usedcombination of reducing agents for the reduction reaction of the ketonederivative (VIII) to the methylene derivative (I). Examples of thecombination of the reducing agents include hydrazine hydrate and sodiumhydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and triethylsilane and borontrifluoride, or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

Method B is a method for producing the compound (1) via Process A1,Process B1, Process B2, and Process B3.

Process C1

A process for halogenation or acylation of the hydroxyl group. Thecompound (IX) can be produced by reacting a halogenating agent or anacylating agent with the compound (VII). Examples of the halogenatingagent include thionyl chloride, concentrated hydrochloric acid, andphosphorus tribromide. Furthermore, examples of the acylating agentinclude acid halides such as acetyl chloride and acid anhydrides such asacetic anhydride.

Process C2

A process for reductive elimination reaction of the halogen group or theacyl group.

The compound (1) can be produced by hydroelimination of the compound(IX), for example, by using a catalyst.

Examples of the catalyst include palladium-carbon.

Method C is a method for producing the compound (1) via Process A1,Process B1, Process C₁, and Process C2.

Production Method (2)

The compound of the present invention represented by the formula (I) canalso be synthesized by the following method.

In the formula, X is a leaving group such as a halogen group and acylgroup. Other symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as definedabove.

Process D1

A process for a Grignard reaction and a subsequent acid hydrolysisreaction. The compound (VIII) can be produced by reacting the compound(X) with a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl Grignard reagent,followed by hydrolysis in the presence of an acid.

Process D2

The methylene derivative (I) can be produced from the ketone derivative(VIII) by conditions similar to that of Process B3.

Method D is a method for producing the compound (1) via Process D1 andProcess D2.

Process E1

A process for the reduction reaction from the ketone to the alcohol. Thecompound (VII) can be produced from the compound (VIII) using a reducingagent and conditions conventionally used for the reduction reaction of aketone to an alcohol. Specific examples of the reducing agent includesodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride.

Process E2

Under conditions similar to that of Process C₁, the halogenated oracylated derivative (IX) can be produced from the alcohol derivative(VII).

Process E3

Under conditions for reductive elimination reaction similar to that ofProcess C2, the compound (1) can be produced from the compound (IX).

Method E is a method for producing the compound (1) via Process D1,Process E1, Process E2, and Process E3.

Production Method (3)

The compound of the present invention represented by the formula (I) canalso be synthesized by the following method.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process F1

A process for the chlorination reaction. The compound (XII) can beproduced by reacting the compound (XI) with a chlorinating agent.Examples of the chlorinating agent include phosphorus oxychloride andthionyl chloride.

Process F2

A process for the coupling reaction with a Grignard reagent. Thecompound (1) can be produced by reacting the compound (XII) with asubstituted or unsubstituted benzyl Grignard reagent in the presence ofa catalyst, based on the reaction conditions according to theliterature, such as Arch. Pharm, 314, 156 (1981). Examples of thecatalyst include [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloronickel(II).

Method F is a method for producing the compound (I) via Process F1 andProcess F2.

Production Method (4)

The compound of the present invention of the formula (I), wherein R^(1a)and R^(2a) together form a condensed ring such as a benzene ring,pyridine ring, pyrrole ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, cyclohexanering, or cyclopentane ring, can be synthesized by the following method.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

The production method in which the isoquinoline ring is formed is shownbelow as an example.

Process G1

A process for the condensation reaction and the subsequent reductionreaction. The compound (XIV) can be produced by a condensation reactionbetween the substituted or unsubstituted benzaldehyde derivative (XIII)and nitromethane, followed by reduction of the nitro group. Examples ofthe reagent used for the reduction of the nitro group include acombination of palladium-carbon and ammonium formate, and lithiumaluminum hydride.

Process G2

An amide bond formation reaction. The compound (XV) can be produced byreacting the compound (XIV) and a substituted or unsubstitutedphenylacetyl chloride with a coupling reagent for an amide bondformation reaction. Examples of the coupling reagent include acombination of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide, acombination of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxybenzotriazole,and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.

Process G3

A process for the cyclization reaction. The compound (XV) can beproduced based on the reaction conditions according to the literature,such as Organic Reaction, 6, 74 (1951); J. Hetetocyclic Chem., 30, 1581(1993). Examples of the reagent for this reaction include phosphorusoxychloride and polyphosphoric acid.

Method G is a method for producing the compound (I) via Process G1,Process G2, and Process G3.

Production Method (5-1)

Replacement of the substituent R^(3a) or R^(4a) of the compound (1)synthesized by the aforementioned production method

(5-1) Replacement of the substituent with an amino group, amide group,sulfonamide group, etc.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process H1

A reduction reaction of the nitro group. The compound (XVII) can beproduced by reducing the compound (XVI) with a conventionally usedmethod for reduction of a nitro group. Examples of the reduction methodare catalytic hydrogenation reduction by palladium-carbon, or palladiumhydroxide, and reduction by iron-ammonium chloride, iron-hydrochloricacid, iron-acetic acid, etc.

Process H2

A process for the acylation or sulfonylation reaction. The compound(XVIII) can be produced by treating the compound (XVII) with an acidchloride or acid anhydride.

Method H is a method for producing the compound (XVIII) via Process H1and Process H2.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process I1

A process for the reductive amination reaction. The compound (XX) can beproduced from the compound (XIX) and a substituted or unsubstitutedaldehyde based on the reaction conditions according to the literature,such as J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 2897 (1971); Comprehensive OrganicSynthese, 8, 25 (1991); Tetrahedron, 40, 1783 (1984); and Tetrahedron,41, 5307 (1985). Examples of the reductive amination reagent includesodium triacetoxyhydroborate, sodium cyanotrihydroborate,borane-pyridine complex, and palladium-carbon/hydrogen.

Process I2

A process for the acylation, sulfonylation, or reductive aminationreaction. The compound (XXIa) or the compound (XXIb) can be producedfrom the compound (XX) using an acid chloride or an acid anhydride. Thecompound (XXIc) can be produced by carrying out a reductive aminationreaction similarly to that of Process I1.

Method I is a method for producing the compound (XXIa), the compound(XXIb), or the compound (XXIc) via Process I1 and Process I2.

Production method (5-2)

Replacement of the substituent R^(3a) or R^(4a) of the compound (1)synthesized by the aforementioned production method

(5-2) Replacement of the substituent with a hydroxyl group, alkoxygroup, etc.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process J1

The compound (XXIII) can be produced from the compound (XXII) by ademethylation reaction based on the reaction conditions according to theliterature, such as Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 44, 1986 (1971); Org. Synth.,Collect. Vol. V, 412(1073); J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 1380 (1956); or J.Org. Chem., 42, 2761 (1977). Examples of the reagent used for thedemethylation reaction include 47% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution,boron tribromide, pyridine hydrochloride, and iodotrimethylsilane.

Process J2

A process for the alkylation reaction. The compound (XXIV) can beproduced by reacting the compound (XXIII) with a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl halide, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylmethanesulfonate, or such in the presence of a base.

Method J is a method for producing the compound (XXIV) via Process J1and Process J2.

Production Method (5-3)

Replacement of the substituent R^(3a) or R^(4a) of the compound (1)synthesized by the aforementioned production method

(5-3) Replacement of the substituent with a vinylene group, anethynylene group, alkyl group, etc.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process K1

A process for the triflation reaction. The compound (XXV) can beproduced by reacting the compound (XXIII) with trifluoromethane sulfonicacid anhydride in the presence of a base.

Process K2

A process for the coupling reaction with an alkyne. The compound (XXVI)can be produced by coupling the compound (XXV) with an alkyne derivativein the presence of a palladium phosphine complex, copper iodide, and abase. Examples of reagents that produce the palladium phosphine complexin the reaction system include a combination of palladium-carbon andtriphenylphosphine, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium (0) andtriphenylphosphine, dichlorobistriphenylphosphine palladium (II),palladium (II) acetate and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, and palladium(II)acetate and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. Examples of the baseinclude triethylamine, piperidine, pyridine, and potassium carbonate.Depending on the reaction, lithium chloride may be used.

Process K3

A process for the reduction reaction of the unsaturated hydrocarbon. Thecompound (XXVIIa) or the compound (XXVIIb) can be produced from thecompound (XXVI), for example, by catalytic hydrogenation using acatalyst. Examples of the catalyst include palladium-carbon, palladiumhydroxide, platinum oxide, and palladium-carbon-calcium carbonate.

The symbols in the formulae have the same meaning as defined above.

Process L1

A process of the coupling reaction (Heck Reaction) with the alkene. Thecompound (XXVIIa) can be produced from the compound (XXVIII) using acatalyst (e.g. palladium complex and its ligand), based on the reactionconditions according to the literature, such as J. Org. Chem., 37, 2320(1972); Org. Reactions., 27, 345 (1982); Comprehensive OrganicSynthesis, Vol. 4, 833 (1991); Palladium Reagents and Catalysts, 125(1995); Chem. Commun., 1287 (1984); Tetrahedron Lett, 26, 2667 (1985);and Tetrahedron Lett, 31, 2463 (1990). Examples of the combination ofthe catalysts used for this reaction (palladium complex and its ligand)include palladium (II) acetate and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene,and palladium (II) acetate and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine. Examples of thetertiary base include triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene. X of the compound (XXVIII) denotes aleaving group, such as a halogen group and trifluoromethanesulfonyloxygroup.

Process L2

The compound (XXVIIb) can be produced from the compound (XXVIIa)according to the conditions for a reduction reaction of an unsaturatedhydrocarbon, similar to that of process K3.

Method L is a method for producing the compound (XXVIIa) by Process L1,followed by producing the compound (XXVIIb) by Process L2.

Various isomers of the compounds represented by the formula (I) of thepresent invention can be purified and isolated using ordinary separationtechniques (for example, recrystallization, chromatography, and so on).

Compounds of the present invention or salts thereof, or hydrates thereofcan be administered as they are to mammals (preferably humans). They canalso be formulated by a conventional method into tablets, powders, finegranules, granules, coated tablets, capsules, syrups, troches,inhalants, suppositories, injections, ointments, eye ointments, eyedrops, nasal drops, ear drops, cataplasms, lotions, and such, thenadministered. For the pharmaceutical formulation, ordinarily usedauxiliary agents for pharmaceutical formulation (for example, fillers,binders, lubricants, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and asnecessary, stabilizers, emulsifiers, absorbefacient, surfactants, pHregulators, antiseptics, antioxidants, etc.) can be used. Thepharmaceutical formulation can be prepared by an ordinary method bycombining components that are generally used as ingredients forpharmaceutical preparations. For example, oral preparations can beproduced by combining the compounds of the present invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with fillers, and as necessary,binders, disintegrators, lubricants, coloring agents, flavoring agents,and such, and formulating the mixture into powders, fine granules,granules, tablets, coated tablets, capsules, and such by usual methods.Examples of these components include animal fat and vegetable oil suchas soybean oil, beef tallow, and synthetic glyceride; hydrocarbons suchas liquid paraffin, squalene, and solid paraffin; ester oils such asoctyldodecyl myristate and isopropyl myristate; higher alcohols such ascetostearyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol; silicone resin; silicone oil;surfactants such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, sorbitan fattyacid ester, glycerol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fattyacid ester, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, and polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene block copolymer; water-soluble macromolecules such ashydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, carboxyvinyl polymer,polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and methyl cellulose; loweralcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; polyhydric alcohols such asglycerol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and sorbitol; sugarssuch as glucose and sucrose; inorganic powder such as silicic acidanhydride, magnesium aluminum silicate, and aluminum silicate; purifiedwater, etc. Examples of fillers include lactose, corn starch, refinedwhite sugar, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, crystalline cellulose, andsilicon dioxide. Examples of binders include polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl ether, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, gum arabic,tragacanth, gelatin, shellac, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polypropyleneglycolpolyoxyethylene block polymer, and meglumine. Examples of disintegratorsinclude starch, agar, powdered gelatin, crystalline cellulose, calciumcarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, calcium citrate, dextrin, pectin,and calcium carboxymethylcellulose. Examples of lubricants includemagnesium stearate, talc, polyethyleneglycol, silica, and hardenedvegetable oil. Examples of coloring agents are those accepted foraddition to medicaments. Examples of flavoring agents include cocoapowder, l-menthol, aromatic dispersant, mint oil, borneol, and cinnamonpowder. The use of sugar coating and other appropriate coating asnecessary is of course permissible for these tablets and granules.Furthermore, liquid preparations such as syrups and injections can beprepared using conventional methods by adding pH regulators,solubilizers, isotonizing agents, and such, and as necessary,solubilizing adjuvants, stabilizers, and such to the compounds of thisinvention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The method forproducing external preparations is not limited and can be produced by aconventional method. That is, base materials used for formulation can beselected from various materials ordinarily used for medicaments,quasi-drugs, cosmetics, and such. Specifically, the base materials to beused are, for example, animal fat and vegetable oil, mineral oil, esteroil, waxes, higher alcohols, fatty acids, silicone oil, surfactants,phospholipids, alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, water solublemacromolecules, clay minerals, and purified water. As necessary, pHregulators, antioxidants, chelating agents, antiseptic and antifungalagents, coloring matters, fragrances, and such may be added, but thebase materials of the external preparations of the present invention arenot to be construed as being limited thereto. Furthermore, as necessary,components such as those that have a differentiation induction effect,blood flow accelerants, fungicides, antiphlogistic agents, cellactivators, vitamins, amino acids, humectants, and keratolytic agentscan be combined. The above-mentioned base materials is added to anamount that leads to the concentration usually used for externalpreparations.

When the compounds of this invention or salts thereof, or hydratesthereof, is administered, there are no particular limitations on theirform, and they can be administered orally or parenterally by aconventionally used method. They can be formulated into as dosage formssuch as tablets, powder, fine granules, capsules, syrups, troches,inhalants, suppositories, injections, ointments, eye ointments, eyedrops, nasal drops, ear drops, cataplasms, and lotions. The dose of thepharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be selectedappropriately depending on the degree of the symptom, age, sex, weight,the dosage form, the type of salt, the specific type of disease, andsuch.

A curative dose of the antifungal agent of this invention isadministered to a patient. Herein, “curative dose” refers to the amountof the pharmaceutical agent that yields the desired pharmacologicalresult and is effective for recovery or relief from the symptoms of apatient to be treated. The dose differs markedly depending on the weightof the patient, type of disease, degree of symptom, age of the patient,sex, sensitivity towards the agent, and such. Usually, the daily dosefor an adult is approximately 0.03 to 1000 mg, preferably 0.1 to 500 mg,more preferably 0.1 to 100 mg, and is administered once to several timesper day, or once to several times per several days. The dose forinjections is normally, approximately 1 to 3000 μg/kg, and is preferablyapproximately 3 to 1000 μg/kg.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Example A1

The present invention is specifically illustrated below with referenceto Examples, but it is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

Example A1 Construction of the Reporter Gene and Introduction Thereofinto S. cerevisiae

(1). Construction of the Reporter Gene where Lysozyme is the ReporterEnzyme

A lysozyme gene comprising a promoter sequence was amplified by PCRusing pESH plasmid comprising the ENO1 promoter+secretion signal+thelysozyme gene (Ichikawa K et al, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57(10),1686-1690, 1993) as template, and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:8and SEQ ID NO:9 as primers, and this was subcloned into the SalI-EcoRIsite of pCR-Script SK(+) (a). Furthermore, a CWP2 gene was amplified byPCR using S. cerevisiae chromosomal DNA as template, and theoligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11 as primers, and thiswas subcloned into the EcoRI-HindIII site of pUC19 (b). Similarly, CYC1terminator was amplified by PCR using pYES2 (INVITROGEN) as a template,and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13 as primers,and this was subcloned into the newly introduced NotI-KpnI site of pUC19(c).

Next, the lysozyme gene excised with SalI-EcoRI (a), and the CWP2 geneexcised with EcoRI-HindIII (b) were inserted into the SalI-HindIIIcleavage site of pESH. Finally, pRLW63T was produced by excising a genecomprising the ENO1 promoter+secretion signal+lysozyme gene+CWP2 geneusing BamHI-HindIII, inserting this into a pRS306 integration vector(Sikorski R S et al, Genetics. 122(1):19-27, 1989), and then insertingthe CYC1 terminator excised with HindIII-KpnI (c) into the HindIII-KpnIcleavage site.

(2). Construction of the Reporter Gene where Cephalosporinase is theReporter Enzyme

DNA comprising a promoter sequence and secretion signal portion wasamplified by PCR using the abovementioned pESH as template, and theoligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15 as primers, and thiswas subcloned into the BamHI-NotI site newly introduced into pUC19 (d).Furthermore, a cephalosporinase gene was amplified by PCR usingCitrobacter freundii chromosomal DNA as template, and theoligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:17 as primers, and thiswas subcloned into the NspV-XbaI site newly introduced into pUC19 (e).Similarly, the CWP2 gene was amplified by PCR using the S. cerevisiaechromosomal DNA as template, and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO:18and SEQ ID NO:19 as primers, and this was subcloned into theXbaI-HindIII site of pUC19 (f).

After producing the full length ENO1 promoter+secretion signal portionby inserting the BamHI-SaI fragment of pESH into the BamHI-SalI cleavagesite of a plasmid into which (d) has been inserted, the cephalosporinasegene excised with NspV-XbaI, and the CWP2 gene excised with XbaI-HindIIIwere inserted into the NspV-HindIII cleavage site. Next, pRCW63T wasproduced by excising with EcoRI-HindIII, inserting this fragment intothe abovementioned pRS306, and then inserting the CYC1 terminator intothe HindIII-KpnI cleavage site.

(3). Introduction of the Reporter Gene into S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae G2-10 strain was cultured by shaking in 10 ml of YPDmedium at 30° C., then the cells were collected at the late logarithmicgrowth phase (2−5×10⁷ cells/ml). After washing with sterilized water,the above mentioned pRLW63T and pRCW63T were introduced by lithiumacetate method that uses YEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation System(Clontech) (according to the YEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation SystemUser Manual). pRLW63T and pRCW63T in which the URA3 gene was cleavedwith EcoRV and ApaI, respectively, were used. After culturing inSD(Ura⁻) medium at 30° C. for 3 days, the grown colonies were culturedin YPD medium.

When the localizations of lysozyme and cephalosporinase activities wereconfirmed, both activities were mainly localized in the cell wall, andthe C-terminal sequence of CWP2 was confirmed to function as a transportsignal to the cell wall.

Example A2 Screening of Pharmaceutical Agents by the S. cerevisiaeReporter System

Since sensitivity of the enzyme reaction is better with cephalosporinasecompared to lysozyme, S. cerevisiae introduced with pRCW63T (S.cerevisiae CW63 strain) was used for the screening of compounds.

After stationary cultivation in YPD liquid medium at 30° C. for 48hours, the yeast cell culture was diluted 100 times with YPD liquidmedium (3−5×10⁵ cells/ml) and 75 μl/well aliquots thereof wereinoculated into a V-bottomed 96-well plate containing 25 μl/well of adiluted test sample, and this was subjected to stationary cultivation at30° C. for 48 hours. After centrifuging the plate, 25 μl of thesupernatant was sampled and placed in a flat-bottomed 96-well plate, andthis was used as the culture supernatant fraction.

The precipitated cells were suspended, and 75 μl/well aliquots ofZymolyase (Seikagaku Corporation) solution prepared with 2.4 M sorbitolwere added and were allowed to react at 30° C. for 1 hour. Aftercentrifuging the plate, 10 μl of the supernatant was sampled and placedin a flat-bottomed 96-well plate, 15 μl of phosphate buffer was added,and this was used as the cell wall fraction.

The cephalosporinase activities in the medium and in the cell wallfraction were measured by adding 200 μM of nitrocefin solution to apooled sample, and after a certain period of time, stopping the reactionwith citric acid buffer, and then measuring the absorbance at 490 nm.

Furthermore, fungal growth in the presence of the test sample wasdetermined by visual observation.

FIG. 2 showed that in the presence of the aforementioned compound (Ia)at a concentration of 0.39 to 1.56 μg/ml, cephalosporinase activityincreases in the culture supernatant fraction, and the activitydecreases in the cell wall fraction. In this manner, a compound thatincreases the cephalosporinase activity in the culture supernatantfraction, and in addition decreases the cephalosporinase activity in thecell wall fraction was considered to be a compound that inhibits theprocess that transports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall.

Example A3 Screening of Pharmaceutical Agents Using the Adhesion ofCandida to Animal Cells

Three-milliliter aliquots of IEC-18 cells (1×10⁵ cells/ml in D-MEMmedium (Nissui Pharmaceutical) containing 10% fetal calf serum and 2 mMglutamine) were placed in each well of a 6-well multi-well plate. Theplate was incubated in a carbon dioxide gas incubator at 37° C. for 3days, the culture supernatant was removed, and ethanol immobilizationwas carried out.

C. albicans cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Liquid Medium containingvarious concentrations of the test sample at 30° C. for 48 hours wasadjusted to 4×10² cells/ml, and 1 ml was inoculated into each well ofthe plate in which the immobilized IEC-18 cells were cultured. Aftercultivation at 30° C. for 1 hour, the culture supernatant was removed,washed with PBS, and then 2 ml of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Medium (Difco)was superposed. After cultivation at 30° C. overnight, the number ofcolonies (CFU) that had grown was counted and the adhesion rate wascalculated.

FIG. 3 shows that even at a concentration of 1.56 μg/ml of theaforementioned compound (Ia), in which growth inhibition cannot beobserved, adhesion of C. albicans to animal cells was inhibited to abouta half. Compared to untreated C. albicans, a test sample that diminishedCFU that adhered to cells was considered as a compound that inhibits theadhesion of C. albicans to animal cells.

Example A4 Screening of Pharmaceutical Agents Using the Amount of theGPI-Anchored Protein Quantified by ELISA (1). Production of Anti-Als1pPeptide Antibody

A house rabbit was immunized with the synthetic peptide of SEQ ID NO:20which was conjugated with KLH. The obtained antisera wasaffinity-purified, and the IgG fraction was used as the anti-Als1ppeptide antibody.

(2). Screening of Pharmaceutical Agents by ELISA Using Anti-Als1pPeptide Antibody

C. albicans was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Liquid Medium (5 ml)containing various concentrations of the test sample at 30° C. for 48hours, and the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed, and thensuspended in 300 μl of Tris-HCl buffer. The suspended cells weretransferred to a microtube containing glass beads, and were disrupted byrepeating 10 cycles of stirring for 1 minute and cooling on ice for 1minute. The disrupted cells that were washed were extracted with 2% SDSat 95° C. for 10 minutes, centrifuged, and then the precipitate waswashed 5 times with phosphate buffer. To this precipitate, 0.5 ml of 5μg/ml Zymolyase solution was added, reacted at 37° C. for 1 hour, andthe centrifuged supernatant was used as the GPI-anchored protein sample.

A 96-well plate was coated with 501 of anti-Als1p peptide antibody (40μg/ml) at 4° C. overnight. After washing 5 times with PBS containing0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), blocking was carried out with 25% BlockAce atroom temperature for 2 hours. After washing 3 times with PBST, 50 μl ofthe 2-fold serially diluted GPI-anchored protein sample was reacted atroom temperature for 2 hours. After washing 5 times with PBST, 100 μl of1000-fold diluted HRP-labeled anti-Candida antibody (ViroStat) wasreacted at room temperature for 2 hours, then upon washing 5 times withPBST, 75 μl of substrate solution was added. After the reaction wasstopped, absorbance at 490 nm was measured.

FIG. 4 shows that in the presence of the aforementioned compound (Ia) ata concentration of 0.1 to 0.39 μg/ml, the amount of Als1p antigenincreases in the culture supernatant fraction, and the amount of antigendecreases in the cell wall fraction. In this manner, a compound thatincreased the amount of Als1p in the culture supernatant, or decreasedthe amount of Als1p in the cell wall fraction, as quantified by ELISA,compared to the amount of Als1p in C. albicans untreated with thecompound, was considered to be a compound that inhibits the process thattransports GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall in C. albicans.

Example A5 Observation of the Cell Wall of C. albicans Cultured in thePresence of a Test Sample by an Electron Microscope

C. albicans which was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Liquid Medium (5ml) containing various concentrations of the test agent at 30° C. for 48hours, then centrifuged, and collected, was immobilized by potassiumpermanganate immobilization method, and the transmission electronmicroscope image thereof was observed.

The flocculent fibrous structure with high electron density was observedin the outermost layer of the cell, and was considered to be the surfacelayer glycoprotein layer having the GPI-anchored protein as itsconstituent. This flocculent fibrous structure was not influenced byother existing antifungal agents.

In C. albicans cultured in the presence of the aforementioned compound(Ia), the flocculent fibrous structure of the outermost layer of thecell having high electron density disappeared leaving a small amount ofthe layer with high electron density, compared to that in untreatedcells. In this manner, when the flocculent fibrous structure of theoutermost layer of the fungal cell having high electron densitydisappeared, the test sample was considered to be the compoundinfluencing the process that transports GPI-anchored proteins to thecell wall.

Example A6 Screening of the Resistant Gene to the AforementionedCompound (Ia) of S. cerevisiae

The plasmid library of the S. cerevisiae gene was obtained from ATCC(Information for ATCC Number: 37323).

S. cerevisiae G2-10 strain was cultured while shaking in 10 ml of YPDmedium at 30° C., and cells were collected at the late logarithmicgrowth phase (1−2×10⁷ cells/ml). After washing the cells with sterilizedwater, the plasmid library of the S. cerevisiae gene was introduced bythe lithium acetate method that uses YEASTMAKER™ Yeast TransformationSystem (Clontech) (according to YEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation SystemUser Manual), and this was spread onto a SD(Leu⁻) plate, andapproximately 80,000 colonies were obtained. The colonies were collectedand diluted, and were spread onto a SD(Leu⁻) plate containing theaforementioned compound (Ia) at a concentration of 1.56 μg/ml and 3.125μg/ml so that there were 570,000 colonies per plate. Subsequently, theresistant clone was obtained by incubation at 37° C. for 72 hours.

When 27 clones were picked and plasmids were collected by the methodaccording to METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Vol. 194: 169-182 (1991), and theinserts were analyzed, all 27 contained the same fragment.

As a result of determining the nucleotide sequence using the ABI377system (PE Applied Biosystems), the DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 was found to bethe DNA that confers resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia), andwas named GWT1.

Example A7 Southern Blot Analysis of a C. albicans Homologue of the S.cerevisiae GWT1 Gene

A sample was prepared by treating 25 μg of the C. albicans genomic DNAwith EcoRI (TaKaRa), HindIII (TaKaRa), BamHI (TOYOBO), or PstI (NewEngland Biolabs) (including a combination of 2 types of enzymes) for 16hours, then concentrating by ethanol precipitation, and dissolving in 25μl of sterilized water. Twenty-five micrograms of genomic DNA digestedwith restriction enzymes was separated by 0.75% agarose gelelectrophoresis method, and was transferred to a nylon membrane(GeneScreen PLUS/NEN).

A probe was produced by labeling 20 ng of the approximately 1.5 kb DNAfragment of SEQ ID NO:1 with alpha33P-dCTP by the random primer method,and was purified using a GeneQuant column (Amersham-Pharmacia).

Hybridization was carried out by soaking the membrane in 10 ml ofPERFECTHYB™ (TOYOBO) solution, preincubating at 65° C. for 1 hour, thenadding the labeled probe mentioned above, and incubating at 65° C. for2.5 hours. Washing was carried out with 1). 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at25° C. for 5 minutes, 2). 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 15minutes, and 3). 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at 50° C. for 20 minutes.The washed membrane was wrapped with Saran Wrap, and contacted with anImaging Plate (FUJI) for 12 hours at room temperature, the image thatwas transferred to the Imaging Plate was captured using BAS2000 (FUJI),and the image was analyzed.

As a result, single bands were observed at 6.5 kb with EcoRI, 4.0 kbwith HindIII, 2.0 kb with EcoRI-HindIII, and 2.5 kb with EcoRI-PstI(FIG. 5), and the homologue of the resistant gene to the aforementionedcompound (Ia) of C. albicans was expected to exist as a single gene.

Example A8 Screening of the Resistant Gene to the AforementionedCompound (Ia) of C. albicans

The genomic library of C. albicans was produced by the method accordingto Navaro-Garcia F et al, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15: 2197-2206, 1995.Specifically, the genomic DNA of C. albicans was partially digested withSau3AI, then DNA fragments around 3 to 5 were collected, and these wereinserted into the BamHI site of YEp352 shuttle vector.

S. cerevisiae G2-10 strain was cultured by shaking in 10 ml of YPDmedium at 30° C., and cells were collected at the late logarithmicgrowth phase (2−5×10⁷ cells/ml). After washing the cells with sterilizedwater, a genomic library of the C. albicans was introduced by thelithium acetate method that uses YEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation System(Clontech) (according to YEASTMAKER™ Yeast Transformation System UserManual), and this was spread onto a SD(Ura⁻) plate, and approximately25,000 colonies were obtained. The colonies were collected and diluted,and were spread onto a SD plate containing the aforementioned compound(Ia) at a concentration of 1.56 μg/ml so that there were 500,000colonies per plate. Subsequently, the resistant clones were obtained byincubation at 30° C. for 6 hours, and then transferred to 37° C. andincubated for 66 hours.

When 30 clones were picked and plasmids were collected by the methodaccording to METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Vol. 194: 169-182 (1991), and theinserts were analyzed, 28 out of 30 contained the same fragment.

As a result of determining the nucleotide sequence using the ABI377system (PE Applied Biosystems), the DNA of SEQ ID NO:3 was found to bethe DNA that confers resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia).

Example A9 Cloning of a Homologue of the Resistant Gene to theAforementioned Compound (Ia) from the Clinical Isolate of C. albicans.

PCR amplification was carried out using as template a genomic DNA thatwas purified from a clinical isolate of C. albicans that is stored bythe inventors, and SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22 as primers. A DNAfragment of approximately 1.6 kb was amplified from all three of theindependent PCR samples, the amplified fragments were purified,subcloned into a pT7-Blue vector (Novagen), and the nucleotide sequencewas determined, and thereby, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 wasdiscovered. The sequence was different at three positions as compared tothe DNA of Example A7 (SEQ ID NO:3).

Furthermore, in the nucleotide sequence of the C. albicans genedetermined at Stanford University Sequence Center (on the worldwide webat sequence-www.stanford.edu/), a homologue of the DNA of Example A7 wasfound (SEQ ID NO:7), and the sequence was different at four positions ascompared to the DNA of Example A7 (SEQ ID NO:3).

Example A10 Construction of S. cerevisiae Overexpressing the GWT1 GeneProduct

PCR amplification was carried out using a plasmid purified from theresistant clone to the aforementioned compound (Ia) obtained in ExampleA6 as a template, and SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24 as primers. A PCRproduct cleaved with PvuII was inserted into the SalI-HindIII cleavagesite of pRLW63T produced in Example A1. The entire insert was excisedwith BamHI-KpnI, and was inserted into the MCS (multi-cloning site) ofpRS304 (Sikorski R S et al, Genetics. 122(1): 19-27, 1989) to produce avector for integration.

S. cerevisiae CW63 strain having a cephalosporinase gene as the reportergene was cultured by the method according to Example A1, TRP1 of theintegration vector was cleaved with EcoRV, and then transformation wascarried out by the method of Example A1. GWT1-overexpressed strain (S.cerevisiae CW63/GWT1 strain) was obtained by culturing in SD(Trp⁻)medium at 30° C. for 3 days.

Other than showing resistance to the aforementioned compound (Ia),GWT1-overexpressed strain is not different from the wild type strain,and was sensitive towards other antifungal agents, cycloheximide,benomyl, and amphotericin B.

Example A11 Construction of S. cerevisiae Mutant Lacking the GWT1 Gene

His5 cassette containing the GWT1 sequence on both ends was amplified byPCR using the his5 gene of S. pombe (Longtine M S et al, Yeast, 14:953-961, 1998) as template and SEQ ID NO:25 and SEQ ID NO:26 as primers.

S. cerevisiae G2-10 was cultured and the cells were collected by themethod according to Example A1, and the abovementioned PCR product wastransformed by the method according to Example A1. A GWT1-deficientstrain was obtained by cultivation in SD(His⁻) medium at 30° C. for 5 to7 days.

Although the GWT1-deficient strain shows very slow growth, it wassuggested that the growth is not influenced by the aforementionedcompound (Ia), and the GWT1 gene product is the target of the compound.Furthermore, the GWT1-deficient strain indicated the followingcharacteristics: it cannot grow at high temperatures; the cells areswollen; and in the observation by a transmission electron microscope,the flocculent fibrous structure of the outermost layer of the fungalcell having high electron density had disappeared.

Example A12 Activity of the Aforementioned Compound (Ia) in S.cerevisiae Overexpressing the GWT1 Gene Product

Using S. cerevisiae CW63 strain and GWT1 gene introduced S. cerevisiaeCW63/GWT1, activity of the aforementioned compound (Ia) was examined bya method according to the method described in Example A2.

As a result, even at a concentration (0.39 to 1.56 μg/ml) of theaforementioned compound (Ia) at which cephalosporinase activity in theculture supernatant fraction is increased, and the activity in the cellwall fraction is decreased in S. cerevisiae CW63 strain, no influencewas observed in the S. cerevisiae CW63/GWT1 strain, and even at aconcentration (>3.13 μg/ml) of the aforementioned compound (Ia) at whichgrowth is inhibited in S. cerevisiae CW63 strain, growth inhibition wasnot observed in the S. cerevisiae CW63/GWT1 strain (FIG. 6).

Example A13 Synthesis of (4-butylphenyl)(1-isoquinolyl)ketone

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 1-bromo-4-butylbenzene (2.29 ml, 13.0 mmol)was added to a mixed solution of magnesium (338 mg, 13.9 mmol) andtetrahydrofuran (6.5 ml), and as an initiator, catalytic amount of1,2-dibromoethane was added, and this was stirred under reflux for 10minutes. The solution was cooled to 0° C., a tetrahydrofuran solution of1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile (1.0 g, 6.49 mmol) was added, and was stirredfor another 1 hour at room temperature, and at 70° C. for 3 hours.Subsequently, the solution was cooled again to 0° C., concentratedhydrochloric acid (2.56 ml) and methanol (11 ml) were added, and thenrefluxed for 2 hours. The concentrated residue was dissolved in 5 Nsodium hydroxide and toluene, and was filtered through celite. Thetoluene layer of the filtrate was divided, washed with water, dried overmagnesium sulfate, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give 1.72 g of the title compound.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.93 (3H, t), 1.32-1.43 (2H, m), 1.58-1.66 (2H,m), 2.68 (2H, t), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.61 (1H, td), 7.74 (1H, td), 7.80 (1H,d), 7.87 (2H, d), 7.92 (1H, d), 8.20 (1H, d), 8.60 (1H, d)

Example A14 Synthesis of {1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline} theAforementioned Compound of the Formula (Ia)

The compound of Example A13 (1.72 g, 5.95 mmol), hydrazine monohydrate(836 mg, 16.7 mmol), and potassium hydroxide (769 mg, 13.7 mmol) wereadded to diethylene glycol (8.5 ml), and were stirred at 80° C. for 1hour, at 160° C. for 3 and a half hours, and at 200° C. for 1 hour. Uponcooling to room temperature, ice water was added and extracted withethyl acetate. This was washed with water, then dried over magnesiumsulfate, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give 914 mg of the aforementioned compound of theformula (Ia).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.59 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H,td), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, td), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.18 (1H, dd,), 8.50(1H, d)

Example A15 Another Method for Producing {1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline}the Aforementioned Compound of the Formula (Ia)

To a dimethylformamide (1.8 ml) solution of 60% sodium hydride (16 mg,0.40 mmol), a dimethylformamide (3.6 ml) solution of1-cyano-2-benzoyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline (100 mg, 0.38 mmol)synthesized according to the literature of Org. Synth., VI, 115 (1988),and 4-n-butylbenzylchloride (70 mg, 0.38 mmol) was added dropwise undernitrogen atmosphere at −16° C., and was further stirred at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. Water was added, this was concentrated, andtoluene and water were added to this residue. The toluene layer waswashed with water, dried over potassium carbonate, and concentrated. Toan ethanol (1.6 ml) solution of the residue, 50% aqueous sodiumhydroxide solution (0.63 ml) was added, and this was refluxed for 2hours. After concentration, toluene and water were added. The toluenelayer was washed with water, then dried over calcium carbonate, and thenconcentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give 18 mg of the aforementioned compound of theformula (Ia).

Example A16 Cloning of the C. albicans Homologue of the S. cerevisiaeGWT1 Gene

The C. albicans genomic DNA (25 μg) treated with HindIII (TaKaRa) for 16hours was separated by 0.75% agarose gel electrophoresis method, and theDNA fragments ranging in size from approximately 3.5 to 4.5 kb wererecovered from the gel. The recovered DNA fragments were inserted intothe HindIII site of the pKF3 vector (TaKaRa), and a Candida genomiclibrary was produced.

Using the produced library, approximately 10,000 colonies were displayedon an LB/Ampicillin plate, colony lifting was performed using aColony/Plaque Screen (NEN) membrane, and then this was subjected tohybridization. A probe was produced by labeling 20 ng of theapproximately 1.5 kb DNA fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 with alpha ³³P-dCTP bythe random primer method, and purifying using a GeneQuant column(Amersham-Pharmacia).

Hybridization was carried out by pre-incubating the membrane in aPERFECTHYB™ (TOYOBO) solution at 65° C. for 1 hour, then adding thelabeled probe mentioned above, and incubating further at 65° C. for 2.5hours. Washing was carried out with (i) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25°C. for 5 minutes, (ii) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 15minutes, and (iii) 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at 50° C. for 20 minutes.The washed membrane was wrapped with Saran Wrap, contacted with an X-RAYFILM (KONICA) for 24 hours at room temperature, and then developed. TheE. coli colonies corresponding to the exposed spots were isolated, andwere subjected to secondary screening. Approximately 200 of the isolatedcolonies were displayed on each LB/Ampicillin plate, colony lifting wasperformed in a similar manner to primary screening, which was followedby hybridization. The conditions for hybridization were the same as theconditions for primary screening.

As a result, a single colony of E. coli that reacts strongly with theprobe was isolated. Plasmids were collected from this colony, and whenthe contained sequence was determined, a novel sequence having the samesequence as that revealed in Example A9 (SEQ ID NO:5) was found (thesequence of Candida GWT1), and was presumed to be a C. albicanshomologue.

Example A17 The S. Pombe Homologue of the S. cerevisiae GWT1 Gene

S. Pombe genes that show homology to the S. cerevisiae GWT1 gene (SEQ IDNO:27, and the amino acid sequence of the gene product thereof: SEQ IDNO:28) were found from a database search, and were considered to be theS. Pombe homologues of GWT1.

Example A18 Cloning of the Aspergillus fumigatus Homologue of the S.cerevisiae GWT1 Gene

By genetic sequence analysis, the inventors discovered two highlyconserved regions in the protein encoded by the GWT1 genes of S.cerevisiae, S. pombe, and C. albicans (FIG. 7; SEQ ID NOs:64-69). Basedon the presumed DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence of thisconserved region, primers of SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, and SEQ IDNO:31 were designed. PCR amplification was carried out using 1 μl of thelibrary purchased from STRATAGENE (Aspergillus fumigatus cDNA library:#937053) as a template, and using primers of SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ IDNO:31. Furthermore, as a result of carrying out nested-PCR using 1 μg ofthis amplified sample as a template, and using primers of SEQ ID NO:29and SEQ ID NO:30, amplification of a single fragment of approximately250 bp was confirmed. When the sequence of this fragment was determined,a novel sequence having homology to the GWT1 gene of S. cerevisiae,shown in SEQ ID NO:32, was obtained, and this was presumed to be thehomologue of A. fumigatus.

To obtain a full length cDNA, primers of SEQ ID NO:33 and SEQ ID NO:34were designed based on the sequence of the amplified fragment.Furthermore, primers outside the gene insertion site of the library, SEQID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36, were designed. As a result of performing PCRusing the A. fumigatus cDNA library as a template, and the primer set ofSEQ ID NO:33 and SEQ ID NO:35, or the primer set of SEQ ID NO:34 and SEQID NO:36, amplification of a DNA fragment of approximately 1 kb wasconfirmed (by both primer sets). As a result of determining thenucleotide sequences of these fragments, a novel sequence that is highlyhomologous to the GWT1 genes of S. cerevisiae shown in SEQ ID NO:1 wasobtained. Since the sequence is highly homologous to the GWT1 genes ofS. cerevisiae, S. pombe, and C. albicans throughout the entire gene,this sequence was strongly suggested to be a homologue of A. fumigatus.

To clone the entire homologue of A. fumigatus, the primer shown in SEQID NO:37 that corresponds to the sequence upstream of the initiationcodon, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:38 that corresponds to the sequencedownstream of the stop codon were newly designed based on the obtainedsequence. As a result of performing 35 cycles of PCR using the A.fumigatus cDNA library (STRATAGENE) and the A. fumigatus genomic library(STRATAGENE) as templates, and primers of SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:38,a single amplified fragment of approximately 1.6 kb was detected fromboth templates. As a result of determining the nucleotide sequence ofthis fragment by Direct-Sequencing, the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQID NO:39 was found from the cDNA library, and was suggested to encode aprotein comprising 501 amino acids shown in SEQ ID NO:40. Furthermore,the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 was found from the genomiclibrary, and was found to have an intron comprising 77 base pairs in oneposition.

Example A19 Cloning of the Crayptococcus Homologue of the S. cerevisiaeGWT1 Gene 1). Database Search

As a result of database searching for genes showing homology to the S.cerevisiae GWT1 gene, the sequence of 502042C05.x1 was found from theserver of the Genome Center at Stanford University (on the worldwide webat baggage.stanford.edu/cgi-misc/cneoformans/). Furthermore, thesequence of b6e06cn.f1 was found from the server at Oklahoma University,U.S.A (on the worldwide web at www.genome.ou.edu/cneo-blast.html).

2). PCR Using Genomic DNA as Template

The primer of SEQ ID NO:42 was constructed based on the sequence of502042C05.x1, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:43 was constructed based onthe sequence of b6e06cn.f1. When PCR amplification was carried out usingthe genomic DNA of Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus neoformans) as a template,and using the primer of SEQ ID NO:42, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:43, anamplified fragment of approximately 2 kb was detected. When thenucleotide sequence of this fragment was determined, a novel sequenceshowing homology to the GWT1 gene of S. cerevisiae, shown in SEQ IDNO:44, was obtained.

In order to obtain the sequence upstream of the initiation codon of theCryptococcus GWT1 gene, the primer of SEQ ID NO:45 was designed based onthe sequence of 502042C05.x1, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:46 wasdesigned based on the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. When PCR amplificationwas carried out using the genomic DNA of Cryptococcus as a template, andusing the primer of SEQ ID NO:45, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:46, anamplified fragment of approximately 500 bp was detected. When thenucleotide sequence of this fragment was determined, the sequence of SEQID NO:47 was obtained, and this was found to overlap with SEQ ID NO:44.

3). 3′-RACE

To obtain the 3′-terminal sequence of the Cryptococcus GWT1 gene,3′-RACE was carried out. Reverse transcription was carried out bypriming with the adaptor-primer of SEQ ID NO:48, which is based on 16 μgof total RNA extracted from Cryptococcus, and by using SuperScript IIReverse Transcriptase (GIBCO/BRL), and a single stranded cDNA, which isto become the template for the RT-PCR that follows, was produced. As aresult of performing 35 cycles of PCR using the single stranded cDNA asa template, and the primers of SEQ ID NO:49 and SEQ ID NO:50, anamplified fragment of approximately 1.2 kb was detected. When thenucleotide sequence of this fragment was analyzed by theDirect-Sequencing method, the novel sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51showing homology to the S. cerevisiae GWT1 gene was obtained.

4). PCR of a Full Length Genomic DNA

Using the primer of SEQ ID NO:52 that was designed based on SEQ IDNO:47, and the primer of SEQ ID NO:53 that was designed based on SEQ IDNO:51, 35 cycles of PCR was carried out on three independentpreparations with the genomic DNA of Cryptococcus as template. As aresult, an amplified fragment of approximately 2 kb was detected fromall three of the independent tubes, and therefore, each of them wereindividually subjected to Direct-Sequencing, and their entire nucleotidesequences were determined. As a result, the three independent sequencescompletely matched, and a sequence comprising the full length GWT1 genehomologue of Cryptococcus shown in SEQ ID NO:54 was obtained.

5). Determination of the cDNA Sequence

Comparison of the sequence of the Cryptococcus GWT1 gene derived fromthe genome shown in SEQ ID NO:54 with the cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:51)obtained by 3′-RACE suggested the presence introns at two positions.Furthermore, since the open reading frame following the ATG initiationcodon is not continuous, the presence of another intron was suggested.Therefore, the cDNA structure was predicted from the presumed amino acidsequence and the splicing donor/acceptor sequence, and the primers ofSEQ ID NO:55 and SEQ ID NO:56 were designed at the position predicted tobe the junction between exons. As a result of performing 35 cycles ofPCR using the single stranded cDNA derived from Cryptococcus as templatewith the above-mentioned primers, an amplified fragment of approximately1.4 kb was confirmed. As a result of determining the nucleotide sequenceby subjecting the fragment to Direct-Sequencing, the sequence of SEQ IDNO:57 was obtained, and by comparing with SEQ ID NO:54, the cDNAsequence of the GWT1 gene of Cryptococcus was suggested to have thestructure of SEQ ID NO:58 and encode the protein shown in SEQ ID NO:59.Since the sequence shows high homology at certain regions with the GWT1genes of S. cerevisiae, S. pombe, C. albicans, and A. fumigatus, thissequence was strongly suggested to be a homologue of Cryptococcus.

Example A20 Genetic Mutation that Confers Resistance to theAforementioned Compound of the Formula (Ia)

S. cerevisiae LW63 strain having a lysozyme gene as the reporter genedue to introduction of pRLW63T was treated with ethyl methanesulfonate,then by culturing in a SD medium containing the aforementioned compoundof the formula (Ia) at concentrations of 1.56, 3.13, and 6.25 μg/ml at37° C. for 3 days, five resistant mutant strains (R1 to R5) wereobtained. Among them, the R1 mutant strain and the R5 mutant strain werefound to have acquired a specific resistant characteristic to theaforementioned compound of the formula (Ia) due to a mutation of asingle gene. To confirm whether or not these two mutant strains havemutations on the GWT1 gene, genomic DNAs were extracted from both mutantstrains, and the nucleotide sequence of the GWT1 gene portion wasdetermined. As a result, in the R1 mutant strain, guanine at position1213 had been mutated to adenine. Furthermore, in the R5 mutant strain,guanine at position 418 had been mutated to adenine. Therefore, it waselucidated that in the R1 mutant strain, the 405th amino acid,isoleucine, had been changed to valine, and in the R5 mutant strain, the140th amino acid, glycine, had been changed to arginine.

Next, to confirm whether or not these mutations are the cause of theacquisition of the specific resistant characteristic to theaforementioned compound of the formula (Ia), the mutant GWT1 gene (R1 orR5) was isolated using the genomic DNAs derived from both mutant strainsas templates and the primers of SEQ ID NOs: 60 and 61. Simultaneously,the GWT1 promoter region (SEQ ID NO:62) and the terminator region (SEQID NO:63) were isolated, the GWT1 gene promoter, mutant GWT1 gene ORF,and the GWT1 gene terminator were inserted into the pRS316 vector, andplasmids that express a single copy of the mutant GWT1 gene wereconstructed (pRS316GWT1-R1, pRS316GWT1-R5). This was introduced to adiploid strain (WDG1) in which only a single copy of the GWT1 gene isdisrupted. Spores were formed by culturing the colonies on a sporulationmedium, and a clone in which the GWT1 gene on the chromosome isdisrupted and also harbors the above-mentioned plasmid was obtained byperforming a tetrad analysis. When this was cultured in a mediumcontaining the aforementioned compound of the formula (Ia), resistanceto the aforementioned compound of the formula (Ia) was seen, similarlyto the original R1 mutant strain and R5 mutant strain. From the above,it was elucidated that the specific resistant characteristic to theaforementioned compound of the formula (Ia) is conferred by a pointmutation accompanying an amino acid mutation, that occurred on the GWT1gene, and this compound was strongly suggested to inhibit the functionof the GWT1 protein by directly binding to the protein.

Example B1

The compounds of this invention can be produced, for example, by themethod of the Examples below. However, the Examples are for illustrationpurpose only and the compounds of this invention are not to be construedas being limited to those prepared in the following specific examplesunder any circumstances.

Example B1 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-n-butylbenzene

Thionyl chloride (2.5 ml, 34 mmol) was added to a solution of4-n-butylbenzyl alcohol (2.0 g, 12 mmol) in ether (25 ml), and thismixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After concentrationof the mixture, excess thionyl chloride was removed by azeotropicdistillation with benzene to give the title compound (2.3 g). Thiscompound was used in the following reaction without purification.

Example B2 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

A solution of 1-cyano-2-benzoyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline (100 mg, 0.38mmol), which was synthesized according to Org. Synth., VI, 115 (1988),and 4-n-butylbenzyl chloride (70 mg, 0.38 mmol) in dimethylformamide(3.6 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of 60% sodium hydride (16 mg,0.40 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.8 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere at−16° C., and this mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. Water was added, the mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure, and toluene and water were added to the residue. The toluenelayer was washed with water, dried over potassium carbonate, thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. A 50% aqueous sodium hydroxidesolution (0.63 ml) was added to a solution of the residue in ethanol(1.6 ml). This mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours andconcentrated, and then toluene and water were added. The toluene layerwas washed with water, dried over calcium carbonate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (18 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.59 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H,td), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, td), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.18 (1H, dd), 8.50 (1H,d)

Example B3 (4-Butylphenyl)(1-isoquinolyl)ketone

1-Bromo-4-butylbenzene (2.29 ml, 13 mmol) and a catalytic amount of1,2-dibromoethane as an initiator were added to a mixed solution ofmagnesium (338 mg, 14 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (6.5 ml) under nitrogenatmosphere, and this mixture was stirred under reflux for 10 minutes.The mixture was cooled to 0° C., a solution of1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile (1.0 g, 6.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran wasadded, and this mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, thenat 70° C. for 3 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled again to 0°C., concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.6 ml) and methanol (11 ml) wereadded, and this mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours. After themixture was concentrated, the residue was dissolved in 5 N sodiumhydroxide and toluene, and was filtered through celite. The toluenelayer of the filtrate was separated, washed with water, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (1.7 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.93 (3H, t), 1.32-1.43 (2H, m), 1.58-1.66 (2H,m), 2.68 (2H, t), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.61 (1H, td), 7.74 (1H, td), 7.80 (1H,d), 7.87 (2H, d), 7.92 (1H, d), 8.20 (1H, d), 8.60 (1H, d)

Example B4 Alternative Method for the Production of1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The compound of Example B3 (1.7 g, 6.0 mmol), hydrazine monohydrate (836mg, 17 mmol), and potassium hydroxide (769 mg, 14 mmol) were added todiethylene glycol (8.5 ml), and this mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1hour, at 160° C. for 3.5 hours, then at 200° C. for 1 hour. The mixturewas cooled to room temperature, ice water was added, and this wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (914 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.59 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H,td), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, td), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.18 (1H, dd), 8.50 (1H,d)

Example B5 1-(4-Ethylbenzyl)isoquinoline

Using p-ethylbenzyl chloride, the title compound was obtained in thesame manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.18 (3H, t), 2.57 (2H, q), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.08(2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.50-7.55 (2H, m), 7.61-7.65 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H,d), 8.16-8.18 (1H, m), 8.49 (1H, d)

Example B6 (4-Propylphenyl)methanol

A solution of sodium borohydride (2.9 g, 76 mmol) and concentratedsulfuric acid in ether (prepared by adding 2.0 ml of concentratedsulfuric acid to 4.0 ml of ether) was added dropwise to a solution ofp-n-propylbenzoic acid (5.0 g, 32 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml)cooled to 0° C. keeping the temperature of the reaction system below 20°C., and then this mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours.After the mixture was cooled on ice, methanol and 1 N sodium hydroxidewere added, and this mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethylacetate layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure to givethe title compound (4.33 g). This compound was used in the followingreaction without purification.

Example B7 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-propylbenzene

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B6in the same manner as in Example B1. This compound was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B8 1-(4-Propylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B7in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.55-1.61 (2H, m), 2.51 (2H, t),4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.51-7.55 (2H, m), 7.61-7.65(1H, m), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, dd), 8.49 (1H, d)

Example B9 (4-Pentylphenyl)methanol

The title compound was obtained by reducing 4-n-amylbenzoic acid in thesame manner as in Example B6.

Example B10 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-pentylbenzene

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B9in the same manner as in Example B1. This compound was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B11 1-(4-Pentylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B10in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.86 (3H, t), 1.26-1.33 (4H, m), 1.52-1.59 (2H,m), 2.52 (2H, t), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.50-7.55(2H, m), 7.61-7.65 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, dd), 8.49 (1H, d)

Example B12 (4-Hexylphenyl)methanol

The title compound was obtained by reducing 4-n-hexylbenzoic acid in thesame manner as in Example B6. This compound was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

Example B13 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-hexylbenzene

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B12in the same manner as in Example B1. This compound was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B14 1-(4-Hexylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B13in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.86 (3H, t), 1.26-1.31 (6H, m), 1.51-1.58 (2H,m), 2.52 (2H, t), 4.63 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.50-7.55(2H, m), 7.61-7.65 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, dd), 8.49 (1H, d)

Example B15 1-(4-Isopropylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating p-isopropylbenzyl chloridein the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.19 (6H, d), 2.80-2.87 (1H, m), 4.64 (2H, s),7.11 (2H, d), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.51-7.56 (2H, m), 7.61-7.65 (1H, m), 7.81(1H, d), 8.19 (1H, dd), 8.50 (1H, d)

Example B16 1-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating 4-tert-butylbenzyl chloridein the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.26 (9H, s), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.27(2H, d), 7.52-7.56 (2H, m), 7.62-7.66 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.19 (1H,dd), 8.50 (1H, d)

Example B17 (4-Isobutylphenyl)methanol

The title compound was obtained by reducing 4-isobutylbenzoic acid inthe same manner as in Example B6. This was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

Example B18 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B17in the same manner as in Example B1. This was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

Example B19 1-(4-Isobutylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B18in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.86 (6H, d), 1.75-1.83 (1H, m), 2.39 (2H, d),4.66 (2H, s), 7.02 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.52-7.58 (2H, m), 7.63-7.67(1H, m), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.18 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d)

Example B20 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

The title compound was obtained by treating 4-trifluoromethylbenzylalcohol in the same manner as in Example B1. This was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B21 1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B20in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.73 (2H, s), 7.39 (2H, d), 7.51 (2H, d),7.54-7.60 (2H, m), 7.65-7.69 (1H, m), 7.84 (1H, d), 8.09-8.10 (1H, m),8.51 (1H, d)

Example B22 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene

The title compound was obtained by treating 4-trifluoromethoxybenzylalcohol in the same manner as in Example B1. This was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B23 1-[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B22in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.67 (2H, s), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.27 (2H, d),7.54-7.59 (2H, m), 7.64-7.68 (1H, m), 7.84 (1H, d), 8.11 (1H, dd), 8.50(1H, d)

Example B24 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-iodobenzene

Methanesulfonyl chloride (2.0 ml, 29 mmol) and triethylamine (3.6 ml, 26mmol) were added to a solution of o-iodobenzyl alcohol (5.0 g, 21 mmol)in methylene chloride (50 ml) cooled to 0° C., and the mixture wasstirred at that temperature for 19 hours. A 5% aqueous sodiumhydrogencarbonate solution was added, and the resulting mixture wasextracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer wasdried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reducedpressure to give the title compound (5.34 g).

Example B25 1-(2-Iodobenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B24in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.74 (2H, s), 6.81-6.84 (1H, m), 6.87-6.92 (1H,m), 7.11-7.15 (1H, m), 7.55-7.57 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d), 7.64-7.68 (1H,m), 7.83-7.86 (1H, m), 7.89-7.91 (1H, m), 8.00-8.02 (1H, m), 8.50 (1H,d)

Example B26 1-[2-(2-Phenyl-1-ethynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

A solution of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (58 mg, 0.05 mmol)and ethynylbenzene (204 mg, 2.0 mmol) in pyrrolidine (1.5 ml) was addedto a solution of the compound of Example B25 (345 mg, 1.07 mmol) inpyrrolidine (1.5 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with a saturated aqueousammonium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, andthen concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography to give the title compound (280 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.95 (2H, s), 6.98-7.06 (2H, m), 7.10-7.21 (2H,m), 7.31-7.35 (3H, m), 7.48-7.51 (3H, m), 7.57-7.65 (2H, m), 7.82 (1H,d), 8.25 (1H, d), 8.52 (1H, d)

Example B27 1-(2-Phenylethylbenzyl)isoquinoline

Palladium-carbon (10%, 230 mg) was added to a solution of the compoundof Example B26 (280 mg, 0.88 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml), and thismixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1atm) for 3 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration and theobtained filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound(162 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.90-2.94 (2H, m), 3.07-3.10 (2H, m), 4.67 (2H,s), 6.80 (1H, d), 7.02-7.06 (1H, m), 7.15-7.30 (7H, m), 7.49-7.53 (1H,m), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.64-7.68 (1H, m), 7.84 (1H, d), 7.95 (1H, d), 8.50(1H, d)

Example B281-{2-[4-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}-isoquinoline

A solution of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (58 mg, 0.05 mmol)and 2-(3-butynyloxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran (208 mg, 2.0 mmol) inpyrrolidine (1.5 ml) was added to a solution of the compound of ExampleB25 (345 mg, 1.07 mmol) in pyrrolidine (1.5 ml) under nitrogenatmosphere, and this mixture was stirred for four days at roomtemperature, and for another 30 minutes at 80° C. The mixture was cooledto room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with a saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (277mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.42-1.60 (4H, m), 1.64-1.68 (1H, m), 1.75-1.81(1H, m), 2.76-2.80 (2H, m), 3.46-3.51 (1H, m), 3.60-3.66 (1H, m),3.85-3.95 (2H, m), 4.64-4.66 (1H, m), 4.85 (2H, s), 6.95-6.98 (1H, m),7.05-7.13 (2H, m), 7.44-7.46 (1H, m), 7.49-7.53 (1H, m), 7.56 (1H, d),7.60-7.65 (1H, m), 7.80-7.82 (1H, m), 8.15-8.18 (1H, m), 8.49-8.51 (1H,m)

Example B29 4-[2-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

After the compound of Example B28 (200 mg, 0.54 mmol) was cooled to 0°C., a hydrochloric acid-methanol solution (10%, 5 ml) was added, andthis mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. A saturated aqueous sodiumhydrogencarbonate solution was added, and this mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (86mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.72 (2H, t), 3.53-3.60 (1H, brs), 3.85 (2H, t),4.85 (2H, s), 7.12-7.15 (2H, m), 7.22-7.24 (1H, m), 7.42-7.44 (1H, m),7.55-7.59 (2H, m), 7.63-7.67 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.30 (1H, m), 8.46(1H, m)

Example B30 4-[2-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-butanol

Palladium-carbon (10%, 10 mg) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B29 (44 mg, 0.15 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml), and thismixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1atm) for 1 hour. After the catalyst was removed by filtration, thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (18mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.61-1.75 (4H, m), 2.33 (1H, brs), 2.77 (2H, t),3.67 (2H, t), 4.70 (2H, s), 6.91 (1H, d), 7.02-7.06 (1H, m), 7.12-7.16(1H, m), 7.19-7.21 (1H, m), 7.50-7.55 (1H, m), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.63-7.67(1H, d), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d)

Example B31 1-Bromo-2-(chloromethyl)benzene

The title compound was obtained by treating p-bromobenzyl alcohol in thesame manner as in Example B1.

Example B32 1-(4-Bromobenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B31in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.61 (2H, s), 7.14-7.16 (2H, m), 7.35-7.39 (2H,m), 7.52-7.58 (2H, m), 7.63-7.67 (1H, m), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.07-8.10 (1H,m), 8.49 (1H, d)

Example B33 Ethyl(E)-3-[4-(isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propanoate

Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine (20 mg, 0.067 mmol), palladium(II) acetate(7.5 mg, 0.034 mmol), and triethylamine (70 μl, 0.50 mmol) were added toa solution of the compound of Example B32 (100 mg, 0.34 mmol) and vinylpropionate (73 μl, 0.67 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.0 ml) undernitrogen atmosphere, and this mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4hours. After the mixture was cooled to room temperature, water wasadded, and this mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, andthen concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bysilica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (74 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.32 (3H, t), 4.24 (2H, q), 4.69 (2H, s), 6.36(1H, d), 7.29 (2H, d), 7.42 (2H, d), 7.53-7.67 (4H, m), 7.83 (1H, d),8.11-8.13 (1H, m), 8.50 (1H, d)

Example B34 Ethyl 3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propanoate

Palladium-carbon (10%, 20 mg) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B33 (71 mg, 0.22 mmol) in methanol (5.0 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere atatmospheric pressure for 5.5 hours. After the catalyst was removed fromthe reaction mixture by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (52 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.20 (3H, t), 2.56 (2H, t), 2.88 (2H, t), 4.09(2H, q), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.51-7.57 (2H, m),7.62-7.66 (1H, m), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.15 (1H, dd), 8.50 (1H, d)

Example B35 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-propanol

Lithium aluminum hydride (6 mg, 0.16 mmol) was added to tetrahydrofuran(1.0 ml) cooled to 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of thecompound of Example B34 (46 mg, 0.14 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 ml)was further added, and this reaction mixture was stirred at thattemperature for 3 hours. A mixed solution of methanol and water (9:1,1.0 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, a saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution was further added, then this mixture was extractedwith chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(22 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.30-1.35 (1H, brs), 1.81-1.88 (2H, m), 2.64 (2H,t), 3.62-3.65 (2H, m), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d),7.51-7.57 (2H, m), 7.62-7.66 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.16-8.18 (1H, m),8.49 (1H, d)

Example 36 1-Isoquinolyl(4-methoxyphenyl)ketone

4-Bromoanisol (15.3 ml, 122 mmol) and a catalytic amount of1,2-dibromoethane as an initiator were added to a mixed solution ofmagnesium (3059 mg, 125.8 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) undernitrogen atmosphere, and this reaction mixture was stirred while heatingunder reflux for 45 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., a solutionof 1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile (10.78 g, 69.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(30 ml) was added dropwise thereto, and this reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooledon ice, concentrated hydrochloric acid (24 ml) and methanol (120 ml)were added, and this mixture was heated under reflux for 1.5 hours.After cooling on ice, the mixture was adjusted to pH 8 by adding aqueoussodium hydroxide, extracted with ether, washed with saturated brine,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (15.87 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) 6 (ppm): 3.88 (3H, s), 6.95 (2H, d), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.74(1H, dd), 7.76 (1H, d), 7.85 (2H, d), 8.17 (1H, dd), 8.60 (1H, d).

Example B37 1-Isoquinolyl(4-methoxyphenyl)methanol

Sodium borohydride (1855 mg) was added to an ice-cooled solution of thecompound of Example B36 (8608 mg) in ethanol (170 ml), and this mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 35 minutes. Sodium borohydride (957mg) was further added, and this reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C.for 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure, water was added, and this mixture was extracted with ether.The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The obtained title compound (7881 mg) was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 3.66 (3H, s), 6.30-6.32 (1H, brs), 6.81 (2H,d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.68 (1H, dd), 7.76 (1H, d), 7.94 (1H,d), 8.37 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B38 1-Isoquinolyl(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl acetate

Acetic anhydride (20 ml) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B37 (7881 mg) in pyridine (100 ml), and this reaction mixturewas stirred at 50° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and subjected to azeotropic distillation withtoluene. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography togive the title compound (8.79 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.22 (3H, s), 3.76 (3H, s), 6.84 (2H, d), 7.39(2H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, s), 7.60 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.82(1H, d), 8.19 (1H, d), 8.57 (1H, d).

Example B39 1-(4-Methoxybenzyl)isoquinoline

Palladium-carbon (10%, 4.0 g) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B38 (8.79 g) in methanol (150 ml), and this mixture was stirredat room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere at atmospheric pressurefor 5.5 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration through celite,and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the titlecompound (4.48 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.74 (3H, s), 4.61 (2H, s), 6.79 (2H, d), 7.21(2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.16(1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B40 4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenol

An aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (47%, 40 ml) was added to thecompound of Example B39 (2185 mg), and this reaction mixture was heatedunder reflux for 14 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, further cooled on ice, neutralized with a 50% aqueoussodium hydroxide solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethylacetate layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtainedpowder was washed with petroleum ether to give the title compound (1822mg).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 4.48 (2H, s), 6.61 (2H, d), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.60(1H, dd), 7.68 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, dd), 7.92 (1H, d), 8.27 (1H, d), 8.41(1H, d), 9.19 (1H, brs).

Example B41 4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.55 ml) was added dropwise to anice-cold solution of the compound of Example B40 (513 mg) in pyridine(10 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for45 minutes. After ice was added, the reaction mixture was extracted withether. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (546 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.69 (2H, s), 7.16 (2H, d), 7.35 (2H, d), 7.57(1H, dd), 7.60 (1H, d), 7.68 (1H, dd), 7.85 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.50(1H, d).

Example B42 1-[4-(2-Phenyl-1-ethynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

Phenylacetylene (53 μl), palladium acetate (9 mg),1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (67 mg), copper(I) iodide (3 mg),lithium chloride (20 mg), and triethylamine (50 μl) were added to asolution of the compound of Example B41 (88 mg) in N,N-dimethylformamide(2.0 ml) that had been degassed and placed under nitrogen, and thismixture was stirred at 80° C. for 8 hours. After cooling the mixture toroom temperature, water was added, and this mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturatedbrine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (53 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.69 (2H, s), 7.12-7.32 (3H, m), 7.25 (2H, d),7.42 (2H, d), 7.43-7.52 (2H, m), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H,dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.51 (1H, d).

Example B43 1-(4-Phenethylbenzyl)isoquinoline

Palladium-carbon catalyst (10%, 20 mg) was added to a solution of thecompound of Example B42 (45 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (2 ml), and thismixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere atatmospheric pressure for 2 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtrationthrough celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (23 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.78-2.90 (4H, m), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d),7.10-7.20 (5H, m), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H,dd), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.15 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B44 1-[4-(4-Phenyl-1-butynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 4-phenyl-1-butyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.65 (2H, t), 2.88 (2H, t), 4.68 (2H, s),7.12-7.40 (9H, m), 7.50-7.70 (3H, m), 7.80-7.88 (1H, m), 8.00-8.10 (1H,m), 8.48-8.51 (1H, m).

Example B45 1-[4-(4-Phenyl-1-butyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B44in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.55-1.80 (4H, m), 2.50-2.65 (4H, m), 4.68 (2H,s), 7.00-7.30 (9H, m), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.81(1H, d), 8.15 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B461-{4-[4-(tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}-isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran in the same manner as in ExampleB42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.48-1.90 (6H, m), 2.67 (2H, t), 3.49-3.55 (1H,m), 3.60 (1H, dd), 3.65-3.94 (2H, m), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.65-4.70 (1H, m),7.14-7.20 (2H, m), 7.23-7.30 (2H, m), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65(1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B47 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

The compound of Example B46 (1048 mg) was dissolved in a 10%hydrochloric acid-methanol solution (50 ml), and this reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture wascooled on ice, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution wasadded, and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (666 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.65 (2H, t), 3.77 (2H, t), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.18(2H, d), 7.29 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81(1H, d), 8.07 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B48 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-butanol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B47in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.50-1.70 (4H, m), 2.57 (2H, t), 3.62 (2H, t),4.64 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, d),7.63 (1H, dd), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.16 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B49 1-[4-(3-Cyclopentyl-1-propynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.25-1.35 (2H, m), 1.45-1.70 (6H, m), 1.75-1.85(2H, m), 2.05-2.13 (1H, m), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.27 (2H, d),7.51 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd),

7.81 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B50 1-[4-(3-Cyclopentylpropyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B49in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.25-1.74 (13H, m), 2.49-2.54 (2H, m), 4.64 (2H,s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H,dd), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B51 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.35 (1H, s), 1.40 (6H, s), 4.62 (2H, s),7.20-7.30 (4H, m), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, d), 7.69-7.76 (1H, m), 7.95(1H, d), 8.26 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d).

Example B52 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-2-butanol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B51in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.25 (6H, s), 1.70-1.77 (2H, m), 2.60-2.67 (2H,m), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.08 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H,d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.80 (1H, d), 8.16 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B53 1-[4-(3-Methoxy-1-propynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and methylpropargyl ether in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.42 (3H, s), 4.29 (2H, s), 4.66 (2H, s), 7.21(2H, d), 7.34 (2H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H, dd) 7.82(1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d) 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B54 1-[4-(3-Methoxypropyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B53in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.78-1.87 (2H, m), 2.06 (2H, t), 3.31 (3H, s),3.35 (2H, t), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd),7.55 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B55 1-{4-[2-(2-Pyridyl)-1-ethynyl]benzyl}isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 2-ethynylpyridine in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.71 (2H, s), 7.20-7.25 (2H, m), 7.29 (2H, d),7.48-7.53 (1H, m), 7.51 (2H, d), 7.57 (1H, dd), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.67 (1H,dd), 7.85 (1H, d), 8.13 (1H, d), 8.53 (1H, d), 8.59-8.63 (1H, m).

Example B56 1-{4-[2-(2-Pyridyl)ethyl]benzyl} isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B55in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.94-3.06 (4H, m), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.04 (1H, d),7.09 (1H, dd), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, ddd), 7.54 (1H,dd), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, d), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.15 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H,d), 8.53 (1H, dd).

Example B57 1-{4-[2-(3-pyridyl)-1-ethynyl]benzyl}isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 3-ethynylpyridine in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.69 (2H, s), 7.27 (2H, d), 7.31 (1H, dd), 7.43(2H, d), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.59 (1H, d), 7.66 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, ddd),7.83 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.51 (1H, d), 8.60 (1H, dd), 8.77 (1H, d).

Example B58 1-{4-[2-(3-Pyridyl)ethyl]benzyl} isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B57in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.80-2.90 (4H, m), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.04 (2H, d),7.15 (1H, dd), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.39 (1H, dd), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d),7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.15 (1H, d), 8.40 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d),8.49 (1H, d).

Example B59 N-(2-propynyl)acetamide

Pyridine (16.3 ml) and acetic anhydride (10.4 ml) were added to anice-cooled solution of propargylamine (3023 mg) in methylene chloride(30 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1hour. The reaction mixture was poured on ice, extracted with ethylacetate, washed successively with 1 N hydrochloric acid, a saturatedaqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, and saturated brine, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered through silica gel.The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titlecompound (743 mg). The obtained compound was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.79 (3H, s), 3.07 (1H, t), 3.81 (2H, d), 8.25(1H, brs).

Example B60 N-{3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}acetamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B59 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.79 (3H, s), 4.04 (2H, s), 4.61 (2H, s),7.45-7.68 (4H, m), 7.68-7.75 (2H, m), 7.90-8.00 (1H, m), 8.25-8.38 (2H,m), 8.40-8.45 (1H, m).

Example B61 N-{3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}acetamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B60in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.95 (3H, s), 1.74-1.84 (2H, m), 2.55 (2H, t),3.25 (2H, dt), 4.68 (2H, s), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.20-7.28 (1H,m), 7.50-7.58 (2H, m), 7.60-7.68 (1H, m), 7.75-7.85 (1H, m), 8.10-8.16(1H, m), 8.45-8.50 (1H, m).

Example B62 N-(2-Propynyl)methanesulfonamide

Triethylamine (9.77 ml) was added to an ice-cooled solution ofpropargylamine (3023 mg) in methylene chloride (30 ml). After dropwiseaddition of methanesulfonyl chloride (5.19 ml), the reaction mixture wasstirred for 3 hours at that temperature, warmed to room temperature, andfurther stirred for 2 hours. Ice was added to the reaction mixture, theresulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed withsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved inmethanol (120 ml), potassium carbonate (11.7 g) was added, and thisreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, neutralizedwith dilute hydrochloric acid while cooling on ice, and then extractedwith ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with saturated brine, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (6.67 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.39 (1H, t), 3.10 (3H, s), 3.99 (2H, dd), 4.60(1H, brs).

Example B63N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}-methanesulfonamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B62 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 2.97 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, d), 4.63 (2H, s),7.25-7.37 (4H, m), 7.57 (1H, t), 7.62 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, d), 7.73 (1H,dd), 7.94 (1H, d), 8.28 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d).

Example B64N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}methanesulfonamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B63in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.80-1.90 (2H, m), 2.62 (2H, t), 2.89 (3H, s),3.11 (2H, dt), 4.25 (1H, brs), 4.64 (2H, s), 7.05 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d),7.50 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.15 (1H, d),8.49 (1H, d).

Example B65 1-{4-[3-(Ethylsulfanyl)-1-propynyl]benzyl} isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and propargyl ethyl sulfide in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.30 (3H, t), 2.73 (2H, q), 3.47 (2H, s), 4.67(2H, s), 7.20-7.32 (4H, m), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd),7.81 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B66

t-Butyl N-(2-propynyl)carbamate

A solution of di-t-butyl-dicarbonate (10.84 g) in tetrahydrofuran (20ml) was added dropwise to an ice-cooled solution of propargylamine (3040mg) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml), the temperature of the mixture wasgradually raised to room temperature, and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 20 hours. After water was added, the reaction mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated brine, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure to give the title compound (9.34 g). The obtained compound wasused in the following reaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.36 (9H, s), 3.04 (1H, t), 3.62-3.70 (2H, m),7.20-7.30 (1H, m)

Example B67 tert-ButylN-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}-carbamate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B66 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.45 (9H, s), 4.06-4.13 (2H, m), 4.66 (2H, s),7.19 (2H, d), 7.20-7.28 (1H, m), 7.29 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H,d), 7.65 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B68 tert-ButylN-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}carbamate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B67in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.43 (9H, s), 1.70-1.81 (2H, m), 2.54-2.60 (2H,m), 3.01-3.20 (2H, m), 4.47-4.57 (1H, m), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d),7.21 (2H, d), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d),8.18 (1H, d), 8.51 (1H, d).

Example B69 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propyn-1-amine

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.3 ml) was added to an ice-cooled solution of thecompound of Example B67 (4 mg) in methylene chloride (0.6 ml), and thereaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. After asaturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was added, thereaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (4 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.60-3.68 (2H, m), 4.66 (2H, s), 7.19 (2H, d),7.29 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d),8.10 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The amine proton was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B70 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-propanamine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B68in the same manner as in Example B69.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.20-1.30 (2H, m), 1.78-1.88 (2H, m), 2.45-2.52(2H, m), 2.73-2.81 (2H, m), 4.55 (2H, s), 6.94 (2H, d), 7.08 (2H, d),7.50 (1H, dd), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.76 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d),8.38 (1H, d).

Example B71 N-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)acetamide

The title compound was obtained by treating N-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)aminein the same manner as in Example B59.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.11 (2.1H, s), 2.17 (0.9H, s), 2.21 (0.7H, t),2.31 (0.3H, t), 3.00 (0.9H, s), 3.08 (2.1H, s), 4.04 (0.6H, d), 4.23(1.4H, d).

The obtained compound contained a 7:3 mixture of geometrical isomers ofthe amide.

Example B72N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}-N-methyl-acetamaide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B71 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.10 (1.8H, s), 2.11 (1.2H, s), 3.01 (1.2H, s),3.10 (1.8H, s), 4.21 (1.2H, s), 4.41 (0.8H, s), 4.67 (2H, s), 7.18-7.23(2H, m), 7.29-7.32 (2H, m), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H, dd),7.82 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The obtained compound contained a 3:2 mixture of geometrical isomers ofthe amide.

Example B73N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}-N1-methylacetamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B72in the same manner as in Example B43.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.70-1.90 (2H, m), 1.89 (1.5H, s), 2.03 (1.5H,s), 2.50-2.59 (2H, m), 2.88 (1.5H, s), 2.91 (1.5H, s), 3.20-3.25 (1H,m), 3.36-3.40 (1H, m), 4.66 (2H, s), 7.03-7.10 (2H, m), 7.18-7.30 (2H,m), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.66 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H,d), 8.50 (1H, d).

The obtained compounds contained a 1:1 mixture of geometrical isomers ofthe amide.

Example B74 N-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)methanesulfonamide

Triethylamine (6.55 ml) was added to an ice-cooled solution ofN-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)amine (2603 mg) in methylene chloride (25 ml).Methanesulfonyl chloride (3.50 ml) was further added dropwise, thereaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour, and thenstirred further at room temperature for 2 hours. After ice was added,the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washedsuccessively with 1 N hydrochloric acid, a saturated aqueous sodiumhydrogencarbonate solution, and saturated brine, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, and then filtered through silica gel. The filtratewas concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (4522mg). The obtained compound was used in the following reaction withoutfurther purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.41 (1H, t), 2.93 (3H, s), 2.96 (3H, s), 4.09(2H, d).

Example B75 N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}-N-methylmethanesulfonamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B74 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.95 (3H, s), 2.97 (3H, s), 4.26 (2H, s), 4.68(2H, s), 7.24 (2H, d), 7.31 (2H, d), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.59 (1H, d), 7.66(1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B76 N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}-N-methylmethane-sulfonamide

Treating the compound of Example B75 in the same manner as in ExampleB43, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):369.2

Example B77 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentyn-2-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 4-pentyn-2-ol in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.27 (3H, t), 2.38-2.62 (2H, m), 3.95-4.03 (1H,m), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.29 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H,d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.48 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B78 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-pentanol

Treating the compound of Example B77 in the same manner as in ExampleB43, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):306.2

Example B79 3-Butylphenol

The title compound was obtained by treating 1-butyl-3-methoxybenzene inthe same manner as in Example B40.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.94 (3H, t), 1.30-1.55 (2H, m), 1.55-1.62 (2H,m), 2.56 (2H, t), 4.76 (1H, brs), 6.63 (1H, dd), 6.66 (1H, d), 6.75 (1H,d), 7.12 (1H, dd).

Example B80 1-Butyl-3-(methoxymethoxy)benzene

A 60% suspension of sodium hydride dispersed in mineral oil (102 mg) wasadded to an ice-cooled solution of the compound of Example B79 (318 mg)in dimethylformamide (5 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was cooled again on ice,chloromethyl methyl ether (0.18 ml) was added, and this reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. After water was added, thereaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with asaturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and saturated brine,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered through silicagel. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give thetitle compound (341 mg). The obtained compound was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.94 (3H, t), 1.30-1.42 (2H, m), 1.55-2.04 (2H,m), 2.58 (2H, t), 3.49 (3H, s), 5.17 (2H, s), 6.80-6.87 (3H, m), 7.18(1H, dd).

Example B81 4-Butyl-2-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde

A solution of t-butyl lithium in pentane (1.51 M, 10.6 ml) was addeddropwise to a solution of the compound of Example B80 (2396 mg) inpetroleum ether cooled to −20° C., and this reaction mixture was stirredat a temperature in the range of −10° C. to 0° C. for 1.5 hours. Thereaction mixture was cooled to −70° C., anhydrous ether (17 ml) anddimethylformamide (1.91 ml) were added, and the resulting mixture wasstirred at that temperature for 3 hours, then stirred for another 1 hourat room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled on ice, a saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride solution was added, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with saturatedbrine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (1821 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.94 (3H, t), 1.32-1.42 (2H, m), 1.57-1.65 (2H,m), 2.64 (2H, t), 3.54 (3H, s), 5.29 (2H, s), 6.91 (1H, d), 7.01 (1H,s), 7.76 (1H, d), 10.44 (1H, s).

Example B82 [4-Butyl-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl](1-isoquinolyl)methanol

An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50%, 1.4 ml) was added to asolution of 1-cyano-benzoyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline (815 mg), which wassynthesized according to Org. Synth., IV, 155 (1988), the compound ofExample B81 (869 mg), and triethylbenzylammonium chloride (7 mg) inmethylene chloride (1.6 ml), and the reaction mixture was subjected toultrasonication in a water bath for 10 minutes. After methylene chloride(8.3 ml) and ethanol (4.4 ml) were added, the reaction mixture wasfurther subjected to ultrasonication in a water bath for 85 minutes.Water was added and the resulting reaction mixture was extracted withmethylene chloride. The extract was dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(1144 mg).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 0.86 (3H, t), 1.22-1.31 (2H, m), 1.44-1.52 (2H,m), 2.44-2.51 (2H, m), 3.16 (3H, s), 5.10 (1H, d), 5.12 (1H, d), 6.72(1H, s), 6.75 (1H, d), 6.84 (1H, s), 7.21 (1H, d), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.72(1H, dd), 7.74 (1H, d), 7.95 (1H, d), 8.31 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B83 [4-Butyl-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl] (1-isoquinolyl)methylacetate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B82in the same manner as in Example B38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.40 (2H, m), 1.50-1.60 (2H,m), 2.22 (3H, s), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.41 (3H, s), 5.22 (1H, d), 5.26 (1H,d), 6.77 (1H, d), 6.94 (1H, s), 7.29 (1H, d), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H,d), 7.70 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.05 (1H, s), 8.35 (1H, d), 8.55 (1H,d).

Example B84 1-[4-Butyl-2-(methoxymethoxy)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B83in the same manner as in Example B39.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.46 (3H, s), 4.65 (2H, s), 5.24 (2H, s), 6.66 (1H,dd), 6.89 (1H, d), 6.92 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, dd), 7.53 (1H, d), 7.62 (1H,dd), 7.79 (1H, d), 8.23 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d).

Example B85 5-Butyl-2-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenol

5 N hydrochloric acid (1.0 ml) was added to a solution of the compoundof Example B84 (88 mg) in methanol (1.5 ml), and this reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. The reaction mixture wasneutralized with a 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, adjusted to pH6.8 with phosphate buffer, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extractwas dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated underreduced pressure to give the title compound (44 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.23-1.37 (2H, m), 1.48-1.60 (2H,m), 2.51 (2H, t), 4.56 (2H, s), 6.65 (1H, dd), 6.82 (1H, d), 7.21 (1H,d), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.68 (1H, dd), 7.72 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.35 (1H,d), 8.44 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B86N-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl}-N,N-dimethyl-amine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 1-dimethylamino-2-propyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.04 (3H, s), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.47 (2H, s), 4.66(2H, s), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.32 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.65(1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B871-{4-[3-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-propynyl]benzyl}iso-quinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran in the same manner as inExample B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.45-1.85 (6H, m), 3.50-3.60 (1H, m), 3.84-3.90(1H, m), 4.42 (1H, d), 4.48 (1H, d), 4.66 (2H, 8), 4.87 (1H, dd),7.15-7.21 (2H, m), 7.33-7.36 (2H, m), 7.50-7.70 (3H, m), 7.81-7.86 (1H,m), 8.07-8.10 (1H, m), 8.48-8.51 (1H, m).

Example B88 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B87in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.20-1.30 (1H, m), 4.46 (2H, s), 4.67 (2H, s),7.23 (2H, d), 7.31 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H, dd),7.83 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B89 N,N-dimethyl-4-pentynamide

Dimethylamine (2 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 8.53 ml), triethylamine(2.59 ml), and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (3221 mg),were added to a solution of 4-pentynoic acid (552 mg) in methylenechloride (150 ml) and this reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was washed successivelywith 1 N hydrochloric acid, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonatesolution, water, and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, then concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titlecompound (129 mg). The obtained compound was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.96-1.99 (1H, m), 2.50-2.60 (4H, m), 2.96 (3H,s), 3.02 (3H, s).

Example B90 N,N-dimethyl-5-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentynamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B89 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.59-2.64 (2H, m), 2.71-2.75 (2H, m), 2.96 (3H,s), 3.03 (3H, s), 4.66 (2H, s), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.43-7.70(3H, m), 7.90 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B91 1-Methyl-2-propynyltetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyl ether

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran (7.15 ml) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (2187mg) were added to a solution of 3-butyn-2-ol (3051 mg) indichloromethane (150 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 29 hours.

The reaction mixture was washed successively with a saturated aqueoussodium hydrogencarbonate solution, water, and saturated brine, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (4698 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.45 (1.05H, d), 1.48 (1.95H, d), 1.50-1.90 (6H,m), 2.37 (0.65H, d), 2.43 (0.35H, d), 3.50-3.60 (1.3H, m), 3.80-3.86(0.7H, m), 4.4-3-4.50 (0.35H, m), 4.52-4.60 (0.65H, m), 4.77 (0.35H, t),4.94 (0.65H, t).

Example B921-{4-[3-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}iso-quinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B91 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.40-1.80 (6H, m), 1.49 (1.05H, d), 1.52 (1.95H,d), 3.49-3.60 (1H, m), 3.80-3.88 (0.65H, m), 3.99-4.06 (0.35H, m), 4.65(2H, s), 4.74 (1H, q), 4.83 (0.35H, t), 4.97 (0.65H, t), 7.18-7.22 (2H,m), 7.32 (2H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H,d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B93 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-2-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B92in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.53 (3H, d), 2.15 (1H, brs), 4.68 (2H, s), 4.72(1H, q), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.31 (2H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.59 (1H, d), 7.66(1H, dd), 7.84 (1H, d), 8.10 (1H, d), 8.51 (1H, d).

Example B94 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-butanol

Treating the compound of Example B93 in the same manner as in ExampleB43, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):292.2

Example B95 2-Methyl-4-pentyn-2-ol

Lithium acetylide-ethylenediamine complex was added gradually to a mixedsolution of isobutylene oxide (1889 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (13 ml) anddimethyl sulfoxide (20 ml) cooled to 0° C., and this reaction mixturewas stirred at 0° C. for 5 hours. After water was added, the reactionmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated brine,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered through silicagel. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give thetitle compound (3316 mg). This was used in the following reactionwithout further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.33 (6H, s), 2.09 (1H, t), 2.38 (2H, t).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B96 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-4-pentyn-2-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B95 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.18 (6H, s), 2.28 (1H, s), 2.42 (2H, s), 4.62(2H, s), 7.10-7.30 (4H, m), 7.62 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, d), 7.72 (1H, dd),7.94 (1H, d), 8.27 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d).

Example B97 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-2-pentanol

Treating the compound of Example B96 in the same manner as in ExampleB43, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):320.2

Example B98 4-Benzyloxy-2-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde

N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.98 ml) and chloromethyl methyl ether (0.76ml) were added to a solution of 4-benzyloxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2071mg) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirredand heated under reflux for 19 hours. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.7 ml)and chloromethyl methyl ether (1.04 ml) were further added, and theresulting mixture was stirred and heated under reflux for another 10hours. After water was added, the reaction mixture was extracted withethyl acetate, washed with a saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,then filtered through silica gel and alumina. The filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (2470mg). This compound was used in the following reaction without furtherpurification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.52 (3H, s), 5.12 (2H, s), 5.27 (2H, s), 6.68(1H, dd), 6.80 (1H, d), 7.33-7.45 (5H, m), 7.82 (1H, d), 10.33 (1H, s).

Example B99[4-(Benzyloxy)-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl](1-isoquinolyl)methanol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B98in the same manner as in Example B82.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 3.16 (3H, s), 5.01 (2H, s), 5.11 (1H, d), 5.14(1H, d), 6.59 (1H, dd), 6.66-6.70 (2H, m), 7.18 (1H, d), 7.31 (1H, d),7.34-7.42 (4H, m), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, d), 7.75 (1H, d), 7.95 (1H,d), 8.28 (1H, d), 8.43 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B100[4-(Benzyloxy)-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl](1-isoquinolyl)methyl acetate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B99in the same manner as in Example B38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.21 (3H, s), 3.42 (3H, s), 4.98 (1H, d), 5.00(1H, d), 5.21-5.27 (2H, m), 6.54 (1H, dd), 6.81 (1H, d), 7.25 (1H, d),7.30-7.41 (5H, m), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, dd), 7.80 (1H,d), 8.00 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, d), 8.55 (1H, d).

Example B101 4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)-3-(methoxymethoxy)phenol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B100in the same manner as in Example B39.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 3.36 (3H, s), 4.44 (2H, s), 5.17 (2H, s), 6.22(1H, d), 6.52 (1H, s), 6.67 (1H, d), 7.57-7.76 (3H, m), 7.92 (1H, d),8.22 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H, d), 9.24 (1H, brs).

Example B102 4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)-3-(methoxymethoxy)phenyltrifluoro-methanesulfonate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B101in the same manner as in Example B41.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.43 (3H, s), 4.65 (2H, s), 5.24 (2H, s), 6.77(1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, d), 7.07 (1H, d), 7.54-7.61 (2H, m), 7.67 (1H, dd),7.84 (1H, d), 8.16 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d).

Example B1031-{2-(Methoxymethoxy)-[4-(tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B102and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran in the same manner as in ExampleB42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.51-1.90 (6H, m), 2.68 (2H, t), 3.50 (3H, s),3.49-3.55 (1H, m), 3.58-3.65 (1H, m), 3.84-3.94 (2H, m), 4.63-4.68 (1H,m), 4.65 (2H, s), 5.23 (2H, s), 6.76 (1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, d), 7.07 (1H,d), 7.49-7.69 (3H, m), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.14 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d).

Example B104 5-(4-Hydroxy-1-butynyl)-2-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B103in the same manner as in Example B85.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.80 (1H, brs), 2.66 (2H, t), 3.73-3.82 (2H, m),4.58 (2H, s), 6.87 (1H, d), 7.04 (1H, s), 7.23 (1H, d), 7.60 (1H, d),7.69-7.78 (2H, m), 7.86 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d).

The proton of the phenolic hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMRspectrum.

Example B105 1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl{4-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-phenyl]-2-methyl-3-butynyl}ether

Triphenylphosphine (18.37 g) was added to an ice-cooled solution ofcarbon tetrabromide (11.19 g) in methylene chloride (60 ml), and thisreaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. A solutionof 3-{[1-(t-butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}-2-methylpropanal, which wassynthesized according to Tetrahedron Lett., 4347 (1979), in methylenechloride (14 ml) was added dropwise, and the resulting reaction mixturewas further stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted withmethylene chloride, washed successively with saturated aqueous sodiumhydrogencarbonate solution, saturated an aqueous ammonium chloridesolution and saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. Ether was added to this residue,insoluble material was separated by filtration, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to givet-butyl[(4,4-dibromo-2-methyl-3-butenyl)oxy]-dimethylsilane (2385 mg).

Next, a 2.47 M n-butyl lithium solution in hexane (3.15 ml) was addeddropwise to a solution oft-butyl[(4,4-dibromo-2-methyl-3-butenyl)oxy]dimethylsilane (1326 mg) intetrahydrofuran (10 ml) cooled to −70° C., and this mixture was stirredat that temperature for 1 hour. A saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution was further added, and the resulting mixture was warmed to roomtemperature. After water was added, the reaction mixture was extractedwith ether. The ether layer was washed with saturated brine, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered through silica gel. Thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residueand the compound of Example B41 were treated in the same manner as inExample B42 to obtain the title compound.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.07 (6H, s), 0.90 (9H, s), 1.18 (3H, d),2.70-2.80 (1H, m), 3.47 (1H, dd), 3.70 (1H, dd), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.16 (2H,d), 7.27 (2H, d), 7.51 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H,d), 8.07 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B106 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-3-butyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B105in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 1.11 (3H, d), 2.60-2.70 (1H, m), 3.28 (1H, d),3.44 (1H, d), 4.58 (2H, s), 4.85-4.90 (1H, m), 7.23 (4H, s), 7.61 (1H,dd), 7.70 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, dd), 7.93 (1H, d), 8.25 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H,d).

Example B107 1-{[1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}-3-butyn-2-ol

Ethynyl magnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 M, 90 ml) was added toanhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) cooled to −78° C. under nitrogenatmosphere. A solution of t-butyldimethylsiloxyacetaldehyde (6000 mg) intetrahydrofuran (30 ml) was added dropwise, and thee resulting mixturewas stirred at −78° C. for 45 minutes, warmed to room temperature,stirred for 1 hour 40 minutes, then cooled on ice. After a saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride solution was added, the reaction mixture wasextracted with ether, washed with water and saturated brine, dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered through silica gel. Thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titlecompound (8.55 g). This compound was used in the following reactionwithout further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.08 (6H, s), 0.91 (9H, s), 2.43 (1H, d),2.60-2.66 (1H, m), 3.65-3.70 (1H, m), 3.73-3.81 (1H, m), 4.38-4.42 (1H,m).

Example B108 1-{[1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}methyl)-2-propynylacetate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B107in the same manner as in Example B38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.08 (6H, s), 0.90 (9H, s), 2.11 (3H, s), 2.44(1H, d), 3.80-3.88 (2H, m), 5.41-5.55 (1H, m).

Example B109 4-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1,2-diol

The compound of Example B41 and the compound of Example B108 weretreated in the same manner as in Example B42 to give the couplingproduct. The title compound was obtained by deprotecting the hydroxylprotecting group of the coupling product in the same manner as inExample B47.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 3.40-3.45 (1H, m), 3.70-3.82 (1H, m), 4.30-4.35(1H, m), 4.63 (2H, s), 4.90 (1H, t), 5.46 (1H, d), 7.25-7.30 (4H, m),7.62 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, d), 7.73 (1H, dd), 7.94 (1H, d), 8.28 (1H, d),8.43 (1H, d).

Example B1101-{4-[2-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-1-ethynyl]benzyl}-isoquinoline

2,2-Dimethoxypropane (0.36 ml), 10-camphorsulfonic acid (43 mg), andmolecular sieves (4 Å) were added to a solution of the compound ofExample B109 (34 mg) in dimethylformamide (2 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at 75° C. for 9 hours. After an saturated aqueoussodium carbonate solution was added, the reaction mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(14 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.40 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s), 3.97 (1H, dd), 4.21(1H, dd), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.91 (1H, dd), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.32 (2H, d), 7.52(1H, dd), 7.65-7.78 (2H, m), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B111 t-Butyl {[2-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-3-butynyl]oxy}dimethylsilane

Ethyl vinyl ether (1.21 ml) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (317 mg)were added to a solution of1-{[1-(t-butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}-3-butyn-2-ol (1687 mg) inmethylene chloride (90 ml), and this mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 hour. The methylene chloride layer was washed with asaturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and saturated brine,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then concentrated under reducedpressure to give the title compound (1962 mg). This compound was used inthe following reaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 0.00 (6H, s), 0.81 (9H, s), 1.01-1.07 (3H, m),1.10-1.20 (1H, m), 1.18 (3H, d), 3.35-3.63 (4H, m), 4.18-4.27 (1H, m),4.74 (0.5H, q), 4.81 (0.5H, q).

Example B121-{4-[4-{[1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}-3-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B111 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 0.00 (6H, s), 0.80 (9H, s), 1.01-1.05 (3H, m),1.19 (3H, d), 3.39-3.70 (4H, m), 4.41 (0.5H, t), 4.48 (0.5H, t), 4.59(2H, s), 4.79 (0.5H, q), 4.87 (0.5H, q), 7.20-7.30 (4H, m), 7.58 (1H,dd), 7.68 (1H, d), 7.69 (1H, dd), 7.91 (1H, d), 8.24 (1H, d), 8.38 (1H,d).

Example B131-{[1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl]oxy}-4-[4-(1-isoquinolyl-methyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-2-ol

Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (486 mg) was added to a solution of thecompound of Example B112 (474 mg) in methanol (15 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. After ethylacetate was added, the reaction mixture was washed with a saturatedaqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and saturated brine, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (265 mg).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 0.01 (6H, s), 0.82 (9H, s), 3.55-3.62 (2H, m),4.30-4.39 (1H, m), 4.61 (2H, s), 5.51 (1H, d), 7.20-7.27 (4H, m),7.50-7.63 (1H, m), 7.67-7.74 (2H, m), 7.92 (1H, d), 8.27 (1H, d), 8.41(1H, d).

Example B 114 1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl{2-fluoro-4-[4-(1-isoquinolyl-methyl)phenyl]-3-butynyl}ether

A solution of the compound of Example B113 (116 mg) in methylenechloride (2 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of (diethylamino)sulfurtrifluoride (44 μl) in methylene chloride (2 ml) cooled to −78° C. undernitrogen atmosphere. Upon stirring for 15 minutes, the reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for another 8 hours. A saturated aqueoussodium hydrogencarbonate solution was added, the resulting reactionmixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloridelayer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, andthen concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bysilica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (42 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.10 (6H, s), 0.91 (9H, s), 3.83-4.00 (2H, m),4.67 (2H, s), 5.17 (1H, ddd), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.34 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd),7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B115 2-Fluoro-4-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B114in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.31 (1H, brs), 3.77-3.95 (2H, m), 4.67 (2H, s),5.35 (1H, ddd), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.35 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d),7.65 (1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.07 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B16 1-(t-Butyl)-1,1-dimethylsilyl{6-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-phenyl]-5-hexynyl}ether

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and t-butyl(5-hexynyloxy)dimethylsilane in the same manner as in ExampleB42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.04 (6H, s), 0.88 (9H, s), 1.55-1.70 (4H, m),2.39 (2H, t), 3.64 (2H, t), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.27 (2H, d),7.51 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d),8.49 (1H, d).

Example B17 6-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-5-hexyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B116in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.60-1.80 (4H, m), 2.42 (2H, t), 3.69 (2H, t),4.65 (2H, s), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.27 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d),7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B118 6-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-hexanol

Treating the compound of Example B117 in the same manner as in ExampleB43, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):320.2

Example B19 2-(4-Pentynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran

The title compound was obtained by treating 4-pentyn-1-ol in the samemanner as in Example B91.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.50-1.90 (8H, m), 1.95 (1H, t), 2.30-2.35 (2H,m), 3.46-3.54 (2H, m), 3.80-3.90 (2H, m), 4.60 (1H, dd).

Example B1201-{4-[5-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-pentynyl]benzyl}-isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B119 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.49-1.90 (8H, m), 2.49 (2H, t), 3.47-3.54 (2H,m), 3.82-3.90 (2H, m), 4.60 (1H, dd), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.27(2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.09(1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B121 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B120in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 2.51 (2H, t), 3.80 (2H, t),4.65 (2H, s), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.29 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d),7.65 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B122 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentynylcyanide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 5-cyano-1-pentyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.85-1.98 (2H, m), 2.40-2.60 (4H, m), 4.66 (2H,s), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.65 (1H,dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B123 1-[4-(3-Methyl-1-butynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 3-methyl-1-butyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.23 (6H, d), 2.70-2.78 (1H, m), 4.65 (2H, s),7.18 (2H, d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.51 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd),7.82 (1H, d), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B124 1-[4-(5-Methyl-1-hexynyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and 5-methyl-1-hexyne in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (6H, d), 1.47 (2H, dt), 1.68-1.77 (1H, m),2.37 (2H, t), 4.65 (2H, s), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd),7.57 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B125 4-Pentynamide

1-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (6775 mg) and ammoniumhydrogencarbonate (5905 mg) were added to a solution of 4-pentynoic acid(2446 mg) in chloroform (75 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirredat room temperature for 17.5 hours. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough celite and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(249 mg).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 2.21 (2H, t), 2.29-2.33 (2H, m), 2.73 (1H, t),6.78-6.88 (1H, m), 7.28-7.38 (1H, m).

Example B126 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentynamide

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B125 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 2.51 (2H, t), 2.85 (2H, t), 3.70 (2H, brs),4.59 (2H, s), 7.05 (2H, d), 7.23 (2H, d), 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.70 (1H, d),7.72 (1H, dd), 7.94 (1H, d), 8.30 (1H, d), 8.43 (1H, d).

Example B127 t-Butyl 4-pentynoate

Benzyltriethylammonium chloride (5.92 g), potassium carbonate (93.4 g),and t-butyl bromide (143 ml) were added to a solution of 4-pentynoicacid (2550 mg) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (230 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at 55° C. for 24 hours. After water was added, thereaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water,dried over anhydrous magnesium chloride, and then filtered throughsilica gel. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to givethe title compound (2.10 g). This compound was used in the followingreaction without further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.46 (9H, s), 1.96-1.97 (1H, m), 2.45-2.47 (4H,m).

Example B128 t-Butyl 5-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentynoate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B41and the compound of Example B127 in the same manner as in Example B42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.45 (9H, s), 2.49 (2H, t), 2.64 (2H, t), 4.64(2H, s), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.26 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.64(1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d), 8.09 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B129 5-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-4-pentynoic acid

Treating the compound of Example B128 in the same manner as in ExampleB69, the obtained residue was separated and purified by LC-MS [eluent:an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: anaqueous solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)] to give the title compound.

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):316.1

The following compounds were synthesized as follows. That is, the titlecompound was obtained by reacting the compound of Example B41 withvarious reactants described below, according to Example B33. The variousreactants are acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, t-butyl acrylate, andmethyl vinyl sulfone. Furthermore, the coupling product obtained in thismanner was subjected to either the reduction according to Example B39 orthe deprotection of t-butyl ester according to Example B40, or both. Theresulting product was purified by silica gel column chromatography or byLC-MS [eluent: an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid: an aqueous solution containing 0.11% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to100:0/20-minute cycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC CombiprepODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50 mm (long)].

Example B130 (E)-3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-prop enamide

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):289.3

Example B131 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propanamide

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):291.2

Example B132N,N-dimethyl-(E)-3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenamide

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):317.3

Example B133 N,N-dimethyl-3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propanamide

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):319.1

Example B134 t-Butyl (E)-3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenoate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.51 (9H, s), 4.68 (2H, s), 6.28 (1H, d), 7.27(2H, d), 7.39 (2H, d), 7.49-7.60 (3H, m), 7.65 (1H, dd), 7.82 (1H, d),8.11 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d).

Example B135 (E)-3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenoic acid

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):290.2

Example B136 t-Butyl 3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propanoate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.37 (9H, s), 2.47 (2H, t), 2.83 (2H, t), 4.64(2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.56 (1H, d), 7.63(1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d), 8.14 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B137 3-[4-(1-Isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):292.1

Example B138 (E)-2-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-1-ethenylmethylsulfone

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):324.1

Example B139 1-{4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]benzyl} isoquinoline

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺):326.1

Example B1402-Benzoyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydro-1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile

An aqueous potassium cyanide (1.0 g, 16 mmol) solution (2.3 ml) andbenzoyl chloride (1.1 ml, 9.5 mmol) were added to a solution of6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (1.0 g, 5.3 mmol), which was synthesizedaccording to Tetrahedron, 37 (23), 3977 (1981), in methylene chloride(6.0 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred while heating underreflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,filtered through celite, and washed with methylene chloride and water.After the obtained filtrate was separated, the methylene chloride layerwas washed successively with water, 2 N hydrochloric acid, water, and 2N sodium hydroxide, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (573 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.92 (3H, s), 3.94 (3H, s), 5.99 (1H, d),6.51-6.55 (2H, m), 6.73 (1H, s), 6.85 (1H, s), 7.45-7.49 (2H, m),7.53-7.56 (1H, m), 7.58-7.61 (2H, m)

Example B141 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B140and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.51-1.58 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.88 (3H, s), 4.01 (3H, s), 4.57 (2H, s), 7.05 (1H,s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.32 (1H, s), 7.43 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H, d)

Example B142 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-nitro-1-ethanol

An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.5 g of sodium hydroxide (37mmol) was dissolved in 15 ml of water) was added dropwise to a solutionof m-anisaldehyde (5.0 g, 37 mmol) and nitromethane (4.0 ml, 73 mmol) inmethanol (50 ml) keeping the temperature of the solution at not higherthan 30° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 4 hours. Upon cooling on ice, an aqueous acetic acid solution(glacial acetic acid (37 mmol) was dissolved in 250 ml of water) wasadded, the resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate.The ethyl acetate layer was washed successively with water and a 5%aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the titlecompound (6.09 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.83 (3H, s), 4.52 (1H, dd), 4.61 (1H, dd),4.76-4.78 (1H, m), 5.44-5.48 (1H, m), 6.90 (1H, dd), 6.96-6.98 (2H, m),7.25-7.34 (1H, m)

Example B143 2-Amino-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-ethanol

Palladium-carbon (10%, 0.64 g) and ammonium formate (4.8 g) were addedto a mixed solution of the compound of Example B142 (3.0 g, 15 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (43 ml) and methanol (43 ml), and this mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The catalyst was removed byfiltration, the filtrate was diluted with ether, precipitates wereremoved by filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated togive the title compound (1.82 g). This compound was used in thefollowing reaction without further purification.

Example B144 2-(4-Butylphenyl)acetic acid

Thionyl chloride (4.7 ml, 66 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of4-n-butylbenzyl alcohol (9.6 g, 59 mmol) in ether (120 ml), and thismixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure, and excess thionyl chloride was removedby azeotropic distillation with benzene. The residue was dissolved indimethyl sulfoxide (50 ml), sodium cyanide (86 g, 1.8 mol) andn-tetrabutylammonium iodide (2.2 g, 5.9 mmol) were added to thissolution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for16 hours. Water was added, and this mixture was extracted with ethylacetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed successively with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give n-butylphenylacetonitrile (8.2 g) as ayellow oil. Next, concentrated sulfuric acid (48 ml) was added dropwiseto water (58 ml), this solution was cooled to 50° C., andn-Butylphenylacetonitrile (8.2 g) obtained above was added dropwise tothe solution. The resulting mixture was stirred while heating underreflux for 16 hours. Upon cooling to room temperature, the precipitatedcrystals were collected by filtration, washed with water, and dissolvedin a 0.1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (200 ml). Norit (5 g) wasadded, and this mixture was stirred and refluxed for 2 hours. AfterNorit was removed by filtration through celite, the filtrate was cooledto room temperature and acidified with 1 N hydrochloric acid toprecipitate crystals. The precipitated crystals were collected byfiltration, washed with water, and dried to give the title compound (3.5g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.93 (3H, t), 1.30-1.40 (2H, m), 1.53-1.62 (2H,m), 2.59 (2H, t), 3.62 (2H, s), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d)

The OH of the carboxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B145N-[2-Hydroxy-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-(4-butylphenyl)-acetamide

Thionyl chloride (0.76 ml, 10 mmol) was added to a solution of thecompound of Example B144 (1.0 g, 5.2 mmol) in benzene (10 ml), and themixture was stirred under reflux for 2 hours. Upon concentration, excessthionyl chloride was removed by azeotropic distillation with benzene.The obtained residue and the compound of Example B143 (0.87 g, 5.2 mmol)were dissolved in ether (5 ml), an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution(0.21 g of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 4.2 ml of water) was addedthereto, and the mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for30 minutes. The ether layer was separated and concentrated under reducedpressure to give the title compound (600 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.94 (3H, t), 1.31-1.40 (2H, m), 1.57-1.63 (2H,m), 2.60 (2H, m), 3.30-3.37 (1H, m), 3.56 (2H, s), 3.60-3.66 (1H, m),3.80 (3H, s), 3.81 (1H, d), 4.79-4.81 (1H, m), 6.80-6.89 (3H, m), 7.10(2H, d), 7.16 (2H, d), 7.20-7.25 (1H, m)

Example B146 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-6-methoxyisoquinoline

Phosphorus oxychloride (1.6 ml) was added to a solution of the compoundof Example B145 (600 mg, 1.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 ml), and themixture was stirred under reflux for 1 hour 30 minutes. The mixture wascooled on ice, made alkaline with a 5% aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonatesolution, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(82 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.92 (3H, s), 4.57 (2H, s), 7.05-7.07 (3H, m),7.13-7.18 (3H, m), 7.45 (1H, d), 8.06 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H, d)

Example 147 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-6-isoquinolinol

A 47% hydrobromic acid solution was added to the compound of ExampleB146 (82 mg), and the mixture was stirred under reflux for 19 hours. Themixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, water was added, andthe resulting mixture was neutralized with sodium carbonate toprecipitate crystals. The obtained crystals were collected byfiltration, washed with water, and then dried to give the title compound(74 mg).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.25-1.34 (2H, m), 1.49-1.57 (2H,m), 2.52 (2H, t), 4.63 (2H, s), 7.03-7.13 (6H, m), 7.49 (1H, d), 8.10(1H, d), 8.18 (1H, d)

Example B148 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-6-propoxyisoquinoline

Silver carbonate (40 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added to a solution of thecompound of Example B147 (20 mg, 0.069 mmol) and 1-iodopropane (0.4 ml,4.1 mmol) in toluene (1.0 ml), and the mixture was stirred in the darkat 50° C. for 4 hours. Upon cooling to room temperature, the mixture wasfiltered through celite and washed with a mixed solution of toluene andmethanol (9:1). The obtained filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (13 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.08 (3H, t), 1.30-1.33 (2H, m),1.51-1.57 (2H, m), 1.86-1.91 (2H, m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.05 (2H, t), 4.58(2H, s), 7.05-7.07 (3H, m), 7.14-7.18 (3H, m), 7.43-7.44 (1H, m),8.05-8.07 (1H, m), 8.40-8.41 (1H, m)

Example B149 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-6-(2-piperidinoethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example 148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.46-1.57 (8H,m), 2.50-2.54 (6H, m), 2.83-2.86 (2H, m), 4.23 (2H, t), 4.56 (2H, s),7.04-7.06 (3H, m), 7.13-7.17 (3H, m), 7.43 (1H, d), 8.04 (1H, d), 8.40(1H, d)

Example B150N-({[1-(4-butylbenzyl)-6-isoquinolyl]oxy}ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-amine

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example 148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.49-1.57 (2H,m), 2.37 (6H, s), 2.52 (2H, t), 2.80 (2H, t), 4.19 (2H, t), 4.57 (2H,s), 7.04-7.06 (3H, m), 7.15-7.19 (3H, m), 7.43 (1H, d), 8.05 (1H, d),8.40 (1H, d)

Example B151 2-Benzoyl-7-methoxy-1,2-dihydro-1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile

The title compound was obtained by treating 7-methoxyisoquinoline, whichwas synthesized according to Tetrahedron, 27, 1253 (1971), in the samemanner as in Example B140.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.87 (3H, s), 6.03 (1H, brd), 6.56-6.54 (2H, m),6.90 (1H, s), 6.95 (1H, dd), 7.17 (1H, d), 7.46-7.50 (2H, m), 7.54-7.62(3H, m)

Example B152 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-methoxyisoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B1and the compound of Example B151 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.56-1.58 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.59 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H,d), 7.26-7.29 (1H, m), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d),8.38-8.40 (1H, m)

Example B153 1-(4-Bromobenzyl)-7-methoxyisoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B31and the compound of Example B151 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.84 (3H, s), 4.57 (2H, s), 7.14-7.16 (2H, m),7.26 (1H, s), 7.29-7.32 (1H, m), 7.37-7.39 (2H, m), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.73(1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B154 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolinol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B152in the same manner as in Example B147.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ(ppm): 0.83 (3H, t), 1.21-1.26 (2H, m), 1.44-1.48 (2H,m), 4.68 (2H, s), 7.11 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.59-7.62 (2H, m),8.10-8.17 (2H, m), 8.38 (1H, d), 10.9 (1H, brs)

(The two methylene protons of the butyl group overlapped with the DMSOsignal and could not be observed.)

Example B155 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

4-Nitrophenol triflate (0.72 g, 2.7 mmol), which was synthesizedaccording to J. Org. Chem., 64, 7638 (1999), and potassium carbonate(1.1 g, 8.1 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound of ExampleB154 (1.0 g, 2.7 mmol) in dimethylformamide (30 ml), and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After water was added, theresulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetatelayer was washed with 1 N sodium hydroxide and saturated brine, driedover magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (1.0 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.27-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.59 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 5.10 (2H, s), 6.38 (1H, s), 6.95 (2H, d), 7.04 (2H,d), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.75 (1H, d), 8.45 (1H, d)

Example B156 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolinecarbonitrile

Zinc cyanide (215 mg, 1.8 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(41 mg, 0.035 mmol), and lithium chloride (120 mg, 2.8 mmol) were addedto a solution of the compound of Example B155 (400 mg, 0.95 mmol) indimethylformamide (2 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture wasstirred at 120° C. for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature,saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added, and the resulting mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washedwith saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (71 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.35 (2H, m), 1.47-1.55 (2H,m), 2.50 (2H, t), 4.91 (2H, s), 6.97 (2H, d), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.28-7.31(1H, m), 7.42 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.74 (1H, d), 8.34 (1H, d)

Example B1571-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[2-(1,1,1-trimethylsilyl)-1-ethynyl]-isoquinoline

Palladium acetate (11 mg, 0.047 mmol),1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (72 mg, 0.13 mmol), and lithiumchloride (25 mg, 0.59 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound ofExample B155 (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) and trimethylsilylacetylene (65 μl,0.47 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3.0 ml), and the reaction system waspurged with nitrogen. Triethylamine (59 μl, 0.43 mmol) and copper iodide(2 mg, 0.018 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at80° C. for 21 hours, then cooled to room temperature. After water andethyl acetate were added for partition, the ethyl acetate layer waswashed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (7.0 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.28-0.32 (9H, m), 0.92 (3H, t), 1.32-1.38 (2H,m), 1.54-1.57 (2H, m), 2.57 (2H, t), 4.63 (2H, s), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.20(2H, d), 7.52 (1H, d), 7.67-7.69 (1H, m), 7.75 (1H, d), 8.34 (1H, d),8.51 (1H, d)

Example B158 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(1-ethynyl)isoquinoline

Potassium carbonate (13 mg, 0.094 mmol) was added to a solution of thecompound of Example B157 (6 mg, 0.016 mmol) in methanol (1.0 ml), andthe mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Uponconcentration under reduced pressure, the obtained residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (3.0 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.29-1.38 (2H, m), 1.52-1.57 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 3.19 (1H, s), 4.62 (2H, s), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H,d), 7.53 (1H, d), 7.67-7.69 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, d), 8.36 (1H, s), 8.52(1H, d)

Example B159 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-ethylisoquinoline

Palladium-carbon (10%, 5.0 mg) was added to a solution of the compoundof Example B158 (2.0 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 ml), and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere (1 atm) for 1hour. The catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (0.21 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (6H, t), 1.25-1.32 (2H, m), 1.48-1.57 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 2.80 (2H, q), 4.62 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H,d), 7.49-7.52 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, d), 7.95 (1H, s), 8.43 (1H, d)

Example B1601-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[4-(tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]-isoquinoline

Palladium acetate (11 mg, 0.047 mmol),1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (72 mg, 0.13 mmol), and lithiumchloride (25 mg, 0.59 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound ofExample B155 (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran(73 mg, 0.47 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3.0 ml), and the system waspurged with nitrogen. Furthermore, triethylamine (59 μl, 0.43 mmol) andcopper iodide (2 mg, 0.018 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixturewas stirred at 80° C. for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, water was added, and the resulting mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (25 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.38 (2H, m), 1.52-1.67 (6H,m), 1.72-1.79 (1H, m), 1.79-1.88 (1H, m), 2.54 (2H, t), 2.78 (2H, t),3.53-3.56 (1H, m), 3.66-3.72 (1H, m), 3.91-3.99 (2H, m), 4.60 (2H, s),4.71-4.73 (1H, m), 7.08 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.50 (1H, d), 7.59-7.62(1H, m), 7.72 (1H, d), 8.24 (1H, s), 8.48 (1H, d)

Example B161 4-[1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B160in the same manner as in Example B29.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.39 (2H, m), 1.51-1.57 (2H,m), 1.83 (1H, brs), 2.55 (2H, t), 2.75 (2H, t), 3.84-3.89 (2H, m), 4.60(2H, s), 7.08 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.50 (1H, d), 7.60-7.62 (1H, m),7.73 (1H, d), 8.25 (1H, s), 8.48 (1H, d)

Example B162 4-[1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolyl]-1-butanol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B161in the same manner as in Example B30.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.28-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.59 (4H,m), 1.67-1.77 (3H, m), 2.53 (2H, t), 2.79 (2H, t), 3.63 (2H, t), 4.62(2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.47-7.52 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, d),7.92 (1H, s), 8.43 (1H, d)

Example B163 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-propoxyisoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B154in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.05 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m),1.50-1.56 (2H, m), 1.76-1.84 (2H, m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.92 (2H, t), 4.58(2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.26-7.29 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, d),7.48 (1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d), 8.38 (1H, d)

Example B164 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(2-piperidinoethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.43-1.58 (4H,m), 1.61-1.69 (4H, m), 2.51-2.55 (6H, m), 2.79 (2H, t), 4.11 (2H, t),4.57 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.28-7.30 (1H, m), 7.36 (1H,d), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d), 8.38 (1H, d)

Example B165N-(2-{[1-(4-butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolyl]oxy}ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-amine

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.57 (2H,m), 2.35 (6H, s), 2.53 (2H, t), 2.75 (2H, t), 4.06 (2H, t), 4.58 (2H,s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.30-7.33 (1H, m), 7.36 (1H, d), 7.48(1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B166 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-isoquinolyl-(2-morpholinoethyl)ether

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.51-2.58 (6H, m), 2.81 (2H, t), 3.75 (4H, t), 4.11 (2H, t), 4.58(2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.17 (2H, d), 7.28-7.31 (1H, m), 7.35 (1H, d),7.49 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B167 7-(Benzyloxy)-1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.54 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.54 (2H, s), 5.06 (2H, s), 7.05 (2H, d), 7.14 (2H,d), 7.34-7.43 (7H, m), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.72 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B168 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(2-pyridylmethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.49-1.57 (2H,m), 2.52 (2H, t), 4.51 (2H, s), 5.25 (2H, s), 7.02 (2H, d), 7.14 (2H,d), 7.24-7.27 (1H, m), 7.40 (1H, dd), 7.47-7.50 (3H, m), 7.68-7.72 (1H,d), 7.74 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d), 8.64-8.66 (1H, m)

Example B169 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(3-pyridylmethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.57 (2H, s), 5.06 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H,d), 7.31-7.36 (2H, m), 7.42 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.74-7.76 (2H, m),8.42 (1H, d), 8.61-8.62 (1H, m), 8.69-8.70 (1H, m)

Example B170 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(4-pyridylmethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.56 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.53 (2H, s), 5.09 (2H, s), 7.04 (2H, d), 7.09 (2H,d), 7.33-7.39 (4H, m), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.76 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H, d),8.63-8.64 (2H, m)

Example B171 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[(2-methoxybenzyl)oxy]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.57 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.52 (2H, s), 5.04 (2H, s), 6.88-6.91(1H, m), 6.99-7.02 (2H, m), 7.05 (2H, d), 7.14 (2H, d), 7.32 (1H, t),7.36 (1H, dd), 7.43 (1H, d), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.72 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B172 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.56 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.90 (3H, s), 4.53 (2H, s), 5.16 (2H, s), 6.93-6.98(2H, m), 7.03 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.30-7.35 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, dd),7.41-7.43 (1H, m), 7.47 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H,d)

Example B173 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.57 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.55 (2H, s), 4.99 (2H, s), 6.93 (2H,d), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.32-7.36 (3H, m), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.48(1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.38 (1H, d)

Example B1747-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylmethoxy)-1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.57 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.55 (2H, s), 4.95 (2H, s), 5.98 (2H, s), 6.82 (1H,d), 6.88 (1H, dd), 6.92 (1H, d), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.33 (1H,dd), 7.42 (1H, d), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.72 (1H, d), 8.39 (1H, d)

Example B175 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[(2-nitrobenzyl)oxy]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.87 (3H, t), 1.26-1.34 (2H, m), 1.48-1.56 (2H,m), 2.51 (2H, t), 4.53 (2H, s), 5.49 (2H, s), 7.03 (2H, d), 7.14 (2H,d), 7.40 (1H, dd), 7.430-7.434 (1H, m), 7.45-7.49 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, d),7.64-7.68 (1H, m), 7.76 (1H, d), 7.85-7.87 (1H, m), 8.22-8.24 (1H, d),8.41 (1H, d)

Example B176 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-[(3-nitrobenzyl)oxy]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.56 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.55 (2H, s), 5.14 (2H, s), 7.05 (2H, d), 7.11 (2H,d), 7.37-7.40 (2H, m), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.55-7.59 (1H, m), 7.73-7.78 (2H,m), 8.19-8.22 (1H, m), 8.32-8.33 (1H, m), 8.42 (1H, d)

Example B177 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(phenethyloxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.49-1.57 (2H,m), 2.52 (2H, t), 3.10 (2H, t), 4.18 (2H, t), 4.56 (2H, s), 7.04 (2H,d), 7.16 (2H, d), 7.26-7.28 (4H, m), 7.33-7.35 (3H, m), 7.48 (1H, d),7.70 (1H, d), 8.38-8.39 (1H, m)

Example B178 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(3-phenylpropoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.49-1.57 (2H,m), 2.09-2.15 (2H, m), 2.52 (2H, t), 2.82 (2H, t), 3.97 (2H, t), 4.55(2H, s), 7.04 (2H, d), 7.16 (2H, d), 7.20-7.23 (3H, m), 7.27-7.33 (4H,m), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d), 8.38 (1H, d)

Example B179 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-7-(2-cyclohexylethoxy)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B148.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 0.94-1.02 (2H, m), 1.17-1.36 (4H,m), 1.36-1.57 (4H, m), 1.65-1.76 (7H, m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.98 (2H, t),4.58 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.25-7.28 (1H, m), 7.33 (1H,d), 7.47 (1H, d), 7.69 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H, d)

Example B1806-Benzoyl-5,6-dihydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline-5-carbonitrile

The title compound was obtained by treating[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline in the same manner as in Example B140.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 5.94-5.96 (1H, m), 6.03 (1H, d), 6.04 (1H, d),6.47-6.54 (2H, m), 6.70 (1H, s), 6.83 (1H, s), 7.45-7.49 (2H, m),7.54-7.62 (3H, m)

Example B181 5-(4-Butylbenzyl)[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B180and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.57 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.50 (2H, s), 6.05 (2H, s), 7.05-7.07 (3H, m), 7.16(2H, d), 7.38 (7.40 (2H, m), 8.35 (1H, d)

Example B182 2-Benzoyl-6-bromo-1,2-dihydro-1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile

The title compound was obtained by treating 6-bromoisoquinoline, whichwas synthesized according to J. Am. Chem. Soc., 183 (1942), in the samemanner as in Example B140.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 6.01 (1H, d), 6.53 (1H, brs), 6.70 (1H, brd),7.24 (1H, d), 7.33 (1H, d), 7.47-7.51 (3H, m), 7.56 (3H, m)

Example B183 6-Bromo-1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B182and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.36 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 4.60 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.46 (1H,d), 7.59 (1H, q), 7.98 (1H, d), 8.02 (1H, d), 8.51 (1H, d)

Example B184

A mixture of 2-benzoyl-5-bromo-1,2-dihydro-1-isoquinoline-carbonitrileand 2-benzoyl-7-bromo-1,2-dihydro-1-isoquinoline-carbonitrile

The title compounds were obtained by treating 5- or 7-bromoisoquinoline,which was synthesized according to J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 183 (1939), inthe same manner as in Example B140. The obtained compounds were used inthe following reaction without separation and purification.

Example B185 7-Bromo-1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B184and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.58 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 4.58 (2H, s), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.51-7.53(1H, m), 7.69-7.70 (2H, m), 8.33-8.34 (1H, m), 8.52 (1H, d)

Example B186 5-Benzoyl-4,5-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4-carbonitrile

The title compound was obtained by treating thieno[3,2-c]pyridine,synthesized according to J. Heterocycl. Chem., 30, 183 (1993), in thesame manner as in Example B140.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 6.05 (1H, d), 6.57 (1H, brd), 6.66 (1H, s), 7.07(1H, d), 7.32 (1H, d), 7.46-7.50 (2H, m), 7.54-7.62 (3H, m)

Example B187 4-(4-Butylbenzyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B186and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.27-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.59 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.47 (2H, s), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.42 (1H,d), 7.47 (1H, dd), 7.68 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H, d)

Example B188 4-(4-Methoxybenzyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B186and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.75 (3H, s), 4.44 (2H, s), 6.79-6.82 (2H, m),7.19-7.22 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, d), 7.46 (1H, dd), 7.68 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H,d)

Example B189 4-(Thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phenyltrifluoromethane-sulfonate

A solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride (1.0 M, 10 ml, 10mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of the compound of Example B188(510 mg, 2.0 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 ml) cooled to 0° C., andthis reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1.5 hours. Thereaction mixture was made weakly alkaline by addition of a saturatedaqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, extracted with ethyl acetate,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated underreduced pressure. The obtained residue was dissolved in pyridine, andthe resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. Aftertrifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.34 ml, 2.1 mmol) was addeddropwise thereto, the mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2hours, poured on ice, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography to give the titlecompound (312 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.52 (2H, s), 7.16-7.18 (2H, m), 7.36 (2H, m),7.43-7.44 (1H, m), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.73 (1H, d), 8.42 (1H, d)

Example B190 4-(4-Bromobenzyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B186and the compound of Example B31 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.45 (2H, s), 7.14-7.16 (2H, m), 7.37-7.39 (2H,m), 7.41-7.43 (1H, m), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H, d)

Example B191 4-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B186and 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl bromide in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.46 (2H, s), 7.11 (1H, t), 7.15-7.18 (1H, m),7.22-7.25 (1H, m), 7.47 (1H, d), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H,d)

Example B1924-{4-[4-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}thieno[3,2-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B189and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran in the same manner as in ExampleB42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.40-1.90 (6H, m), 2.69 (2H, t), 3.45-3.65 (2H,m), 3.78-3.95 (2H, m), 4.48 (2H, s), 4.66-4.69 (1H, m), 7.18 (2H, d),7.27 (2H, d), 7.41 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.70 (1H, d), 8.41 (1H, d).

Example B193 4-[4-(Thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B192in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.67 (2H, t), 3.79 (2H, t), 4.50 (2H, s), 7.20(2H, d), 7.32 (2H, d), 7.41 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.71 (1H, d), 8.42(1H, d).

The proton of the hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B194 6-Benzoyl-6,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-7-carbonitrile

The title compound was obtained by treating thieno[2,3-c]pyridine, whichwas synthesized according to J. Heterocycl. Chem., 30, 183 (1993), inthe same manner as in Example B140.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 6.07 (1H, d), 6.56 (1H, brd), 6.75 (1H, s), 6.97(1H, d), 7.37 (1H, d), 7.46-7.51 (2H, m), 7.54-7.64 (3H, m)

Example B195 7-(4-Butylbenzyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B194and the compound of Example B1 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.59 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 4.40 (2H, s), 7.09 (2H, d), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.34 (1H,d), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.62 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d)

Example B196 7-(4-Methoxybenzyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B194and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.76 (3H, s), 4.38 (2H, s), 6.81-6.83 (2H, m),7.28-7.30 (2H, m), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.62 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H,d)

Example B197 4-(Thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-7-ylmethyl)phenyltrifluoromethane-sulfonate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B196in the same manner as in Example B189.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.44 (2H, s), 7.17-7.19 (2H, m), 7.38-7.40 (1H,m), 7.44-7.46 (2H, m), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.65-7.67 (1H, m), 8.47-8.49 (1H,m)

Example B198 7-(4-Bromobenzyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B194and the compound of Example B31 in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.37 (2H, s), 7.23-7.25 (2H, m), 7.37 (1H, d),7.39-7.41 (2H, m), 7.59 (1H, d), 7.63-7.65 (1H, m), 8.47 (1H, d)

Example B199 7-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B194and 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl bromide in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.40-4.41 (2H, m), 7.12-7.20 (2H, m), 7.23-7.26(1H, m), 7.37-7.39 (1H, m), 7.59-7.62 (1H, m), 7.65-7.67 (1H, m),8.45-8.47 (1H, m)

Example B2007-{4-[4-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-1-butynyl]benzyl}thieno[2,3-c]pyridine

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B197and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran in the same manner as in ExampleB42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.50-1.90 (6H, m), 2.69 (2H, t), 3.49-3.54 (1H,m), 3.58-3.65 (1H, m), 3.85-3.95 (2H, m), 4.41 (2H, s), 4.68 (1H, t),7.26-7.31 (4H, m), 7.36 (1H, d), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.63 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H,d).

Example B201 4-[4-(Thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-7-ylmethyl)phenyl]-3-butyn-1-ol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B200in the same manner as in Example B47.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.99 (1H, brs), 2.67 (2H, t), 3.79 (2H, t), 4.42(2H, s), 7.27-7.34 (4H, m), 7.36 (1H, d), 7.59 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, d),8.47 (1H, d).

Example B202 2-Chloro-3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine

Sodium hydride (66%, 633 mg, 17.4 mmol) was added to an ice-cooledsolution of 2-chloro-3-hydroxypyridine (2.05 g, 15.8 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (30 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere, and this reactionmixture was stirred at that temperature for 15 minutes. Chloromethylmethyl ether (1.32 ml, 17.4 mmol) was added, and the resulting reactionmixture was stirred at that temperature for 30 minutes, then at roomtemperature for another 2 hours. After water was added, the reactionmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated brine,and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (2.44 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.53 (3H, s), 5.28 (2H, s), 7.19 (1H, dd), 7.49(1H, dd), 8.06 (1H, dd)

Example B203 2-Chloro-4-iodo-3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine

A solution of the compound of Example B202 (1.40 g, 8.06 mmol) indiethyl ether (8 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of 1.51 Mt-butyllithium-n-pentane solution (8.01 ml, 12.1 mmol) in diethyl ether(15 ml) cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, and the reactionmixture was stirred at that temperature for 15 minutes. After iodine(3.07 g, 12.1 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was gradually warmedto room temperature. An aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution was furtheradded, and the diethyl ether layer was separated, washed with saturatedbrine, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound(356 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.73 (3H, s), 5.22 (2H, s), 7.69 (1H, d), 7.80(1H, d)

Example B204 7-Chlorofuro[2,3-c]pyridine

Trimethylsilylacetylene (28.3 μl, 0.201 mmol) and triethylamine (59.8□l, 0.429 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound of Example B203(36.6 mg, 0.143 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (16.5 mg,0.0143 mmol), and copper(I) iodide (2.7 mg, 0.014 mmol) indimethylformamide (1.5 ml), and this mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 4hours. After allowing the mixture to cool to room temperature, water wasadded thereto, and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethylacetate, washed with saturated brine, and then concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (5 ml),potassium carbonate (100 mg, 0.724 mmol) was added thereto, and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Afterwater was added, the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether, washedwith saturated brine, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (5.5 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 6.89 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.21(1H, d)

Example B205 4-Butylbenzylmagnesium chloride

A mixed solution of the compound of Example B1 (1.04 g, 5.69 mmol),magnesium (761 mg, 31.3 mmol), and a catalytic amount of1,2-dibromoethane in diethyl ether (11 ml) was initiated by heatingunder reflux. After the heat source was removed, a solution of thecompound of Example B1 (4.16 g, 22.8 mmol) in diethyl ether (60 ml) wasadded dropwise to the reaction mixture at a rate that maintains gentlereflux, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes. Themixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature to give the titlecompound as a 0.4 M solution in diethyl ether. This solution was used inthe following reaction as it is.

Example B206 7-(4-Butylbenzyl)furo[2,3-c]pyridine

The compound of Example B205 (300 μl, 0.1 mmol) was added to a solutionof the compound of Example B204 (5.0 mg, 0.033 mmol) and[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloronickel(II) (4.5 mg, 0.0065mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 ml), and the mixture was stirred at 50° C.for 1 hour. After allowing the mixture to cool to room temperature,ethyl acetate was added thereto. The resulting mixture was washed with asaturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and saturated brine, thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified byNH-silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (2.9 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.29-1.35 (2H, m), 1.50-1.58 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.40 (2H, s), 6.78 (1H, d), 7.08 (2H, d), 7.30 (2H,d), 7.40 (1H, d), 7.72 (1H, d), 8.34 (1H, d)

Example B207 7-(4-Butylbenzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine

The compound of Example B205 (800 μl, 0.3 mmol) was added to a solutionof 1-chloropyrrolopyridine (19.4 mg, 0.127 mmol), which was synthesizedfrom 2-chloro-3-aminopyridine according to the method of H07-165,708A,and dichloro(diphenylphosphinopropane)nickel (6.9 mg, 0.013 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (1 ml) under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirredwhile heating under reflux for 4 hours. After allowing the mixture tocool to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added thereto. The resultingmixture was washed with a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solutionand saturated brine, then concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (7.1 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.31-1.37 (2H, m), 1.55-1.59 (2H,m), 2.58 (2H, t), 4.44 (2H, s), 6.50 (1H, d), 7.12 (2H, d), 7.18 (1H,d), 7.22 (2H, d), 7.45 (1H, d), 8.21 (1H, d)

The NH proton was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B208 4-(4-Butylbenzyl)-1-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

The compound of Example B205 (3.45 ml, 1.38 mmol) was added to asolution of 1-chloroimidazopyridine (88.6 mg, 0.577 mmol), which wassynthesized from 4-amino-2-chloropyridine according to the methoddescribed in J. Heterocycl. Chem., 2, 196 (1965), anddichloro(diphenylphosphinopropane)nickel (31.3 mg, 0.0577 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (2 ml), and the mixture was stirred while heating underreflux for 2 hours. After allowing the mixture to cool to roomtemperature, ethyl acetate was added thereto. The resulting mixture wasfiltered through silica gel and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (64.2 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.86 (3H, t), 1.23-1.32 (2H, m), 1.44-1.52 (2H,m), 2.47 (2H, t), 4.56 (2H, s), 7.02 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.34 (1H,d), 8.00 (1H, s), 8.25-8.27 (1H, m)

The NH proton was not observed in the NMR spectrum.

Example B209 4-Bromo-1-isoquinolinol

Bromine (1.78 ml, 34.5 mmol) was added to an ice-cooled solution of1-hydroxyisoquinoline (5.01 g, 34.5 mmol) in acetic acid (50 ml), andthis reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.Water, ethyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran were added, and the resultingreaction mixture was filtered through filter paper. The organic layerwas washed with saturated brine and concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexane to give thetitle compound (6.19 g).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.56 (1H, s), 7.59-7.63 (1H, m), 7.76-7.78 (1H,m), 7.84-7.89 (1H, m), 8.23-8.26 (1H, m), 11.59 (1H, br s)

Example B210 1,4-Dibromoisoquinoline

A mixed solution of the compound of Example B209 (1.40 g, 8.06 mmol) andphosphorus tribromide (6 ml) was stirred at 150° C. for 1 hour, and thenheated under reflux for another 1 hour. The reaction mixture was allowedto cool to room temperature, poured on ice, then warmed to roomtemperature. Ethyl acetate was added, and the resulting mixture waswashed with saturated brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (845 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.76-7.80 (1H, m), 7.86-7.90 (1H, m), 8.19 (1H,d), 8.31-8.34 (1H, m), 8.48 (1H, s)

Example B211 4-Bromo-1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline

The compound of Example B205 (2.5 ml, 1 mmol) was added to a solution ofthe compound of Example B210 (200 mg, 0.697 mmol) and[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloronickel(II) (75.6 mg, 0.139mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 ml), and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. After ethyl acetate was added, the resultingmixture was washed successively with a saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonatesolution, and saturated brine, then concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (98 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.29-1.34 (2H, m), 1.51-1.60 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 4.59 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.16 (2H, d), 7.57-7.61(1H, m), 7.73-7.77 (1H, m), 8.15-8.19 (2H, m), 8.69 (1H, s)

Example B212 1-(4-Butylbenzyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline

The compound of Example B211 (13.0 mg, 0.0367 mmol) was dissolved in amixed solution of ethyl acetate and methanol (1:1, 1 ml), 10%palladium-carbon (containing 50% water, 13 mg) was added, and themixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere atatmospheric pressure for 12 hours. After purging the reaction systemwith nitrogen, the catalyst was removed by filtration through celite.The obtained filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to givethe title compound (8.8 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.38 (2H, m), 1.52-1.59 (2H,m), 1.74-1.82 (4H, m), 2.55 (2H, t), 2.66 (2H, t), 2.81 (2H, t), 4.26(2H, s), 7.07-7.15 (5H, m), 8.32 (1H, d)

Example B213 1-[2-(Phenyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating 2-phenylbenzyl bromideinstead of n-butylbenzyl chloride in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.62 (2H, s), 7.05 (1H, d), 7.16 (1H, dd),7.22-7.50 (8H, m), 7.52 (1H, d), 7.58 (1H, dd), 7.65 (1H, d), 7.76 (1H,d), 8.47 (1H, d).

Example B214 1-[4-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl methanesulfonate instead ofn-butylbenzyl chloride in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.83 (2H, s), 6.87 (1H, dd), 7.01 (1H, ddd), 7.43(1H, dd), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.67 (1H, dd), 7.85 (1H, d), 7.96(1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B215 1,3-Benzodioxoyl-4-yl-(1-isoquinolyl)methanol

The title compound was obtained bytreating-2,3-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the same manner as in ExampleB82.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 5.97-5.99 (1H, m), 6.09 (1H, brs), 6.20-6.40 (1H,m), 6.54-6.60 (2H, m), 6.65-6.70 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.63 (1H, d),7.64 (1H, dd), 7.84 (1H, d), 8.04 (1H, d), 8.53 (1H, d).

Example B216 1,3-Benzodioxoyl-4-yl-(1-isoquinolyl)methyl acetate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B215in the same manner as in Example B38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 2.23 (3H, s), 5.98-6.02 (2H, m), 6.74-6.79 (1H,m), 6.90-6.93 (1H, m), 7.15-7.19 (1H, m), 7.23-7.28 (1H, m), 7.58 (1H,dd), 7.60 (1H, d), 7.66 (1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.28 (1H, d), 8.57 (1H,d).

Example B217 1-(1,3-Benzodioxoyl-4-ylmethyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B216in the same manner as in Example B39.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.62 (2H, s), 6.02 (2H, s), 6.64-6.70 (3H, m),7.57 (1H, dd), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.66 (1H, dd), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.23 (1H, d),8.50 (1H, d).

Example B218 1-(1-Naphthylmethyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating 1-(chloromethyl)naphthaleneinstead of n-butylbenzyl chloride in the same manner as in Example B2.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 5.13 (2H, s), 6.96 (1H, d), 7.29 (1H, d),7.45-7.67 (5H, m), 7.72 (1H, d), 7.84-7.90 (2H, m), 8.08 (1H, d), 8.26(1H, d), 8.52 (1H, d).

Example B219 3-Bromophenylbutyrate

n-Butyryl chloride (7.25 ml) was added to an ice-cooled solution of3-bromophenol (10.0 g) in pyridine (50 ml), and this reaction mixturewas stirred at that temperature for 3 hours, then at room temperaturefor another 3.5 hours. After ice was added, the reaction mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid andwater, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (12.77 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.04 (3H, t), 1.72-1.82 (2H, m), 2.54 (2H, t),7.04 (1H, dd), 7.22-7.29 (2H, m), 7.36 (1H, d).

Example B220 1-(4-Bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone

Aluminum chloride (10.51 g) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B219 (12.77 g) in chlorobenzene (70 ml) under nitrogenatmosphere, and this reaction mixture was stirred while heating underreflux for 9 hours. After the reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, ice was added thereto. The resulting mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The compound thusobtained was used in the following reaction without furtherpurification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.53-1.65 (2H, m), 3.00 (2H, t),7.02 (1H, dd), 7.19 (1H, d), 7.78 (1H, d), 12.50 (1H, s).

Example B221 1-(4-Bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-butanone

Potassium carbonate (9.07 g) and methyl iodide (3.92 ml) were added to asolution of the compound of Example B220 (13.30 g) in acetone (75 ml),and this reaction mixture was stirred while heating under reflux for 4hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite, ether was addedto remove insoluble material by filtration, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (9.52 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.95 (3H, t), 1.64-1.74 (2H, m), 2.91 (2H, t),3.90 (3H, s), 7.10 (1H, d), 7.14 (1H, dd), 7.54 (1H, d).

Example B222 4-Bromo-1-butyl-2-methoxybenzene

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B221in the same manner as in Example B3.

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.92 (3H, t), 1.29-1.39 (2H, m), 1.48-1.56 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.81 (3H, s), 6.95 (1H, s), 6.96-7.02 (2H, m).

Example B223 (4-Butyl-3-methoxyphenyl) (1-isoquinolyl) ketone

A mixture containing the title compound was obtained by treating thecompound of Example B222 in the same manner as in Example B36.

This mixture was used in the following reaction without separation andpurification.

Example B224 (4-Butyl-3-methoxyphenyl)(1-isoquinolyl)methanol

A mixture containing the title compound was obtained by treating thecompound of Example B223 in the same manner as in Example B37.

This mixture was used in the following reaction without separation andpurification.

Example B225 (4-Butyl-3-methoxyphenyl)(1-isoquinolyl)methyl acetate

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B224in the same manner as in Example B38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.24-1.38 (2H, m), 1.46-1.60 (2H,m), 2.24 (3H, s), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.76 (3H, s), 6.97 (1H, s), 6.98 (1H,d), 7.06 (1H, d), 7.53-7.67 (4H, m), 7.83 (1H, d), 8.26 (1H, d), 8.58(1H, d).

Example B226 1-(4-Butyl-3-methoxybenzyl)isoquinoline

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B225in the same manner as in Example B39.

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.27-1.38 (2H, t), 1.45-1.54 (2H,t), 2.52 (2H, t), 3.72 (3H, s), 4.63 (2H, s), 6.78 (1H, d), 6.79 (1H,s), 6.99 (1H, d), 7.53 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, dd), 7.80 (1H,d), 8.19 (1H, d), 8.49 (1H, d).

Example B227 2-Butyl-5-(1-isoquinolylomethyl)phenol

The title compound was obtained by treating the compound of Example B226in the same manner as in Example B40.

¹H-NMR (CDCl3) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.30-1.40 (2H, m), 1.52-1.65 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 4.55 (2H, s), 6.46 (1H, brs), 6.85 (1H, d), 7.03 (1H,d), 7.32-7.40 (1H, m), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.68 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H, d),7.94-8.05 (1H, m), 8.14 (1H, d).

The proton of the phenolic hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMRspectrum.

Example B228 2-Bromo-3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine

The title compound was synthesized in the same manner as in Example B202by using 2-bromo-3-hydroxypyridine.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.53 (3H, s), 5.29 (2H, s), 7.19-7.23 (1H, m),7.42-7.45 (1H, m), 8.04-8.06 (1H, m)

Example B229 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine

The compound of Example B205 (7 ml, 3 mmol) was added to an ice-cooledmixed solution of the compound of Example B228 (524 mg, 2.40 mmol) anddichloro(diphenylphosphinopropane)nickel (65.0 mg, 0.120 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (10 ml), and the mixture was stirred while heating underreflux for 5 hours. After allowing the mixture to cool to roomtemperature, ethyl acetate was added. The resulting mixture was washedsuccessively with a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, asaturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, and saturatedbrine, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue wasfiltered through NH-silica gel. After concentrating under reducedpressure, the residue was dissolved in methanol (15 ml), triethylamine(500 μl, 3.59 mmol) and 10% palladium-carbon (containing 50% water, 50mg) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature under hydrogen atmosphere at atmospheric pressure for 3hours. After purging the reaction system with nitrogen, the catalyst wasremoved by filtration through celite, and the filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (280 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89 (3H, t), 1.28-1.34 (2H, m), 1.52-1.58 (2H,m), 2.53 (2H, t), 3.33 (3H, s), 4.16 (2H, s), 5.16 (2H, s), 7.04-7.10(3H, m), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.33-7.35 (1H, m), 8.19-8.20 (1H, m)

Example B230 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-pyridinol

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 ml) was added to a solution of the compound ofExample B229 (256 mg, 0.849 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 ml), and thisreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After asaturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and ethyl acetatewere added, the reaction mixture was washed with saturated brine andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (182 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m), 1.51-1.58 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 4.20 (2H, s), 7.02-7.08 (4H, m), 7.22 (2H, d),8.08-8.09 (1H, m)

The proton of the phenolic hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMRspectrum.

Example B231 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-methoxypyridine

Potassium carbonate (33.0 mg, 0.239 mmol) and methyl iodide (14.9 μl,0.239 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound of Example B230(19.2 mg, 0.0796 mmol) in acetone (1 ml), and this reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After ethyl acetate was added,the reaction mixture was washed with saturated brine and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (1.47 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.32-1.34 (2H, m), 1.53-1.57 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.14 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.10-7.11(2H, m), 7.21 (2H, d), 8.12-8.14 (1H, m)

Example B232 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-chloropyridine

The compound of Example B205 (12 ml, 5 mmol) was added to an ice-cooledmixed solution of 2,3-dichloropyridine (525 mg, 3.55 mmol) anddichloro(diphenylphosphinopropane)nickel (96.2 mg, 0.178 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (4 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 hour. After ethyl acetate was added, the reactionmixture was washed successively with a saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonatesolution, and saturated brine, and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyto give the title compound (199 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.29-1.38 (2H, m), 1.52-1.60 (2H,m), 2.56 (2H, t), 4.28 (2H, s), 7.08-7.13 (3H, m), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.64(1H, dd), 8.46 (1H, dd)

Example B233 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-ethylpyridine

Ethylmagnesium chloride (0.97 M, 102 μl, 0.993 mmol) was added to amixed solution of the compound of Example B232 (12.9 mg, 0.0496 mmol)and dichloro(diphenylphosphinoferrocene)nickel (3.4 mg, 0.0050 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (1 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1hour, then heated under reflux for another 2 hours. After allowing thereaction mixture to reach room temperature, ethyl acetate was addedthereto. The reaction mixture was washed with a saturated aqueousammonium chloride solution and saturated brine, then concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography to give the title compound (3.29 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90-0.93 (6H, m), 1.30-1.37 (2H, m), 1.54-1.59(2H, m), 2.55-2.59 (4H, m), 4.12 (2H, s), 7.05-7.18 (5H, m), 7.55-7.59(1H, m), 8.53-8.55 (1H, m)

Example B234 tert-Butyl N-(2-bromo-3-pyridyl)carbamate

N-bromosuccinimide (7.51 g, 42.2 mmol) was added to an ice-cooled mixedsolution of 3-aminopyridine (3.97 g, 42.2 mmol) in dimethylformamide (25ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30minutes. After ethyl acetate was added, the reaction mixture was washedwith saturated brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. A solutionof the residue in methylene chloride (20 ml) was cooled on ice, thentriethylamine (3.74 ml, 26.8 mmol), a catalytic amount ofdimethylaminopyridine, and di-t-butyl dicarbonate (3.08 ml, 13.4 mmol)were added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. After concentration under reduced pressure, theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (344 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.55 (9H, s), 7.03 (1H, brs), 7.25 (1H, dd), 8.03(1H, dd), 8.46 (1H, d)

Example B235 2-Bromo-3-(N-t-butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl)aminopyridine

Methyl iodide (157 μl, 2.52 mmol) and 66% sodium hydride (91.6 mg, 2.52mmol) were added to an ice-cooled solution of the compound of ExampleB234 (344 mg, 1.26 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at that temperature for 40 minutes. After ethylacetate was added, the reaction mixture was washed with saturated brineand filtered through silica gel. The organic layer was concentratedunder reduced pressure to give the title compound (356 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 1.36 (9H, s), 3.17 (3H, s), 7.30 (1H, dd), 7.55(1H, d), 8.30 (1H, dd)

Example B236 N-[2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-pyridyl]-N-methylamine

To a methylene chloride solution (2 ml) of a compound, which wasobtained by introduction of a 4-butylbenzyl group to the compound ofExample B235 (62.8 mg, 0.219 mmol) in the same manner as in ExampleB211, trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) was added at room temperature. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and then addeddropwise to an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate. After ethylacetate was added, the mixture was washed with saturated brine andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (29.7 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.29-1.38 (2H, m), 1.53-1.60 (2H,m), 2.56 (2H, t), 2.72 (3H, s), 3.63 (1H, br s), 4.09 (2H, s), 6.86 (1H,d), 7.08-7.12 (5H, m), 7.98 (1H, dd)

Example B237 N-[2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3-pyridyl]-N,N-dimethylamine

Acetic acid (12.1 μl, 0.211 mmol), 37% formalin (15.8 μl, 0.211 mmol),and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (44.7 mg, 0.211 mmol) were added to anice-cooled solution of the compound of Example B236 (26.8 mg, 0.105mmol) in methylene chloride (2 ml), and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. After ethyl acetate was added, the mixturewas washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solutionand saturated brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the titlecompound (23.3 mg)

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.30-1.36 (2H, m), 1.52-1.59 (2H,m), 2.55 (2H, t), 2.67 (6H, s), 4.24 (2H, s), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.10 (1H,dd), 7.18 (2H, d), 7.40 (1H, dd), 8.27 (1H, dd)

Example B238 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-4-methoxypyridine

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B211using 2-chloro-4-methoxypyridine.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.91 (3H, t), 1.31-1.37 (2H, m), 1.53-1.59 (2H,m), 2.57 (2H, t), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, s), 6.61-6.65 (2H, m), 7.11(2H, d), 7.17 (2H, d), 8.36 (1H, d)

Example B239 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-4-chloropyridine

Phosphorus oxychloride (57.0 μl, 0.612 mmol) was added to an ice-cooledsolution of the compound of Example B238 (52.0 mg, 0.204 mmol) indimethylformamide (1 ml), and this reaction mixture was stirred at 100°C. for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, poured on ice,and warmed to room temperature. After ethyl acetate was added, themixture was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonatesolution and saturated brine, then concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (2.29 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.92 (3H, t), 1.31-1.38 (2H, m), 1.53-1.61 (2H,m), 2.59 (2H, t), 4.10 (2H, s), 7.12-0.18 (6H, m), 8.44 (1H, d)

Example B240 2-Chloro-3-methoxypyridine

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B231using 2-chloro-3-hydroxypyridine.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.93 (3H, s), 7.21-7.22 (2H, m), 7.99-8.01 (1H,m)

Example B241 2-Chloro-3,4-dimethoxypyridine

A solution of diisopropylamine (84.0 μl, 0.599 mmol) and the compound ofExample B240 (860 mg, 5.99 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (4 ml) was added toa solution of 1.06 M phenyllithium cyclopentane-diethyl ether solutionin tetrahydrofuran (11 ml) cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere.This reaction mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 1 hour, then at −18° C.for another 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled again to −78°C., trimethoxyborate (2.04 ml, 18.0 mmol) was added dropwise thereto,and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes. At thattemperature, aqueous ammonia (29%, 30 ml), ammonium chloride (4.5 g,),and an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (30%, 12 ml) were added inthis order, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.Saturated sodium thiosulfate, acetic acid and ethyl acetate were added,and the mixture was washed with saturated brine. The ethyl acetate layerobtained upon filtration through silica gel was concentrated underreduced pressure. The resulting residue was treated in the same manneras in Example B231 to obtain the title compound (31.3 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.89 (3H, s), 3.94 (3H, s), 6.82 (1H, d), 8.05(1H, d)

Example B242 2-(4-Butylbenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxypyridine

The title compound was obtained in the same manner as in Example B206using the compound of Example B241.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.90 (3H, t), 1.26-1.35 (2H, m), 1.53-1.57 (2H,m), 2.54 (2H, t), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 4.12 (2H, s), 6.72 (1H,d), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.21 (2H, d), 8.20 (1H, d)

Example B243 2,4-Di-(4-butylbenzyl)-3-methoxypyridine

A solution of the compound of Example B240 (436 mg, 3.04 mmol) indiethyl ether (2 ml) was added to a solution of 1.43 M t-butyllithiumn-pentane solution (2.76 ml, 3.95 mmol) in diethyl ether (5 ml) cooledto −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, and this reaction mixture wasstirred at that temperature for 30 minutes. A solution oftetramethylethylenediamine (688 μl, 4.56 mmol) and hexachloroethane (719mg, 3.04 mmol) in diethyl ether (3 ml) was further added and thereaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. Afterwarming gradually to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added, and themixture was washed with saturated brine. The ethyl acetate layerobtained upon filtration through silica gel was concentrated underreduced pressure. The resulting residue was treated in the same manneras in Example B206 to obtain the title compound (10.1 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 0.89-0.94 (6H, m), 1.31-1.37 (4H, m), 1.52-1.62(4H, m), 2.53-2.59 (4H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, s), 4.13 (2H, s),6.84 (1H, d), 6.98 (1H, d), 7.04-7.22 (8H, m)

Example B244 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine

A solution of the compound of Example B228 (422 mg, 1.94 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (3 ml) was added to a solution of 2.47 M n-butyllithiumn-hexane solution (862 μl, 2.13 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 ml) cooledto −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, and this reaction mixture wasstirred at that temperature for 1 hour. After copper(I) bromide (139 mg,0.968 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1hour and cooled again to −78° C. Next, 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl bromide(259 mg, 0.968 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at0° C. for 1 hour. Tetramethylethylenediamine (584 μl, 3.88 mmol) wasfurther added, and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at thattemperature for 1 hour. After diethyl ether and an aqueous ammoniasolution were added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer waswashed with saturated brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give thetitle compound (81.0 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.38 (3H, s), 4.17 (2H, s), 5.18 (2H, s), 7.04(1H, t), 7.11-7.22 (3H, m), 7.38 (1H, dd), 8.19 (1H, dd)

Example B245 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-pyridinol

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 ml) was added to the compound of Example B244(134 mg, 0.411 mmol) in methylene chloride (4 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After neutralizingthe mixture with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, ethylacetate was added. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with saturatedbrine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (97.5mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 4.17 (2H, s), 7.10-7.24 (5H, m), 8.15 (1H, t)

The proton of the phenolic hydroxyl group was not observed in the NMRspectrum.

Example B246 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-methoxypyridine

Potassium carbonate (38.7 mg, 0.280 mmol) and methyl iodide (10.5 μl,0.168 mmol) were added to a solution of the compound of Example B245(15.8 mg, 0.0560 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1 ml), and this reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After ethyl acetatewas added, the reaction mixture was washed with saturated brine andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to give the title compound (14.0 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 3.82 (3H, s), 4.15 (2H, s), 7.03 (1H, t),7.12-7.22 (4H, m), 8.13 (1H, dd)

The following compounds of Example B were synthesized in the same manneras in Example B246, and purification was performed by LC-MS [eluent: anacetonitrile solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid: an aqueoussolution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid=1:99 to 100:0/20-minutecycle, flow rate: 20 ml/minute, column: YMC Combiprep ODS-AM, 20 mm Φ×50mm (long)].

Example B247 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-ethoxypyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 310.0

Example B248 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-propoxypyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 324.0

Example B249 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-butoxypyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 338.1

Example B250 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(pentyloxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 352.1

Example B251 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(hexyloxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 366.0

Example B252 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 328.0

Example B253 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(3-fluoropropoxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 342.0

Example B254 2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-isopropoxypyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 324.0

Example B2552-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 364.0

Example B2562-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy)pyridine

MS m/z (ESI:MH⁺): 378.0

Example B257

Compounds were evaluated using the S. cerevisiae reporter system ofExample A2. The lowest concentration at which cephalosporinase activityin the cell wall fraction became 50% or less compared to that obtainedwhere the compound was not treated, was defined to be the IC50 value.Effects of the representative compounds are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 IC50 Compound (μg/ml) 1-(4-butylbenzyl)isoquinoline (Example B2)0.39 N1-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propynyl} 6.25 acetamide(Example B60) N1-{3-[4-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenyl]propyl}-N1- 50methylacetamide (Example B73) 5-butyl-2-(1-isoquinolylmethyl)phenol(Example B85) 0.20 4-(4-butylbenzyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridine (Example B187)0.78 7-(4-butylbenzyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (Example B195) 0.392-(4-butylbenzyl)-3-methoxypyridine (Example B231) 0.782-(4-butylbenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxypyridine (Example B242) 0.78

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention revealed genes encoding the proteins participatingin the transport process of the GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall.Furthermore, this invention discloses a method of screening forcompounds that inhibit the activity of these proteins, and alsodiscloses representative compounds having the inhibitory activity.

Using novel compounds, the present invention showed that antifungalagents having a novel mechanism of inhibiting the transport process ofthe GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall can be provided.

1. An isolated DNA that encodes a protein having an activity to conferresistance of a fungus against the compound shown in formula (Ia) whenthe gene product of the DNA is overexpressed in the fungus, wherein theDNA is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a DNA encoding aprotein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59, (b) a DNAcomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, (c) a DNAthat hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA comprising thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein said stringentconditions are (i) 4×SSC at 65° C., then washing in 0.1×SSC for 1 hourat 65° C., (d) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNAcomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein saidstringent conditions are 4×SSC at 42° C. in 50% formamide, (e) a DNAthat hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA comprising thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein said stringentconditions are PerfectHyb™ (TOYOBO) solution for 2.5 hours at 65° C.,then washing in (i) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 5 minutes,(ii) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 15 minutes, and (iii)0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at 50° C. for 20 minutes, and, (f) a DNAencoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59,wherein one or more amino acids have been added, deleted, substituted,and/or inserted


2. An isolated DNA that encodes a protein having an activity to decreasethe amount of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein inthe cell wall of a fungus due to a defect in the function of the DNA,wherein the DNA is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a DNAencoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40,(b) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58,(c) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA comprisingthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein said stringentconditions are (i) 4×SSC at 65° C., then washing in 0.1×SSC for 1 hourat 65° C., (d) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNAcomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein saidstringent conditions are 4×SSC at 42° C. in 50% formamide, (e) a DNAthat hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA comprising thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 58, wherein said stringentconditions are PerfectHyb™ (TOYOBO) solution for 2.5 hours at 65° C.,then washing in (i) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 5 minutes,(ii) 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS solution at 25° C. for 15 minutes, and (iii)0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution at 50° C. for 20 minutes, and, (f) a DNAencoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59,wherein one or more amino acids have been added, deleted, substituted,and/or inserted.
 3. A vector into which the DNA of claim 1 or 2 has beeninserted.
 4. A transformant harboring the DNA of claim 1 or 2, or avector into which the DNA of claim 1 or 2 has been inserted.
 5. Thetransformant of claim 4, wherein the transformant is a fungus.
 6. Amethod for producing a protein encoded by the DNA of claim 1 or 2, whichcomprises the steps of culturing the transformant of claim 4, andcollecting the expressed protein from the transformant, or from theculture supernatant thereof.